Well-developed stipules of a species of Betuliles from Kansas are described (p. 65) as having been found in their original con nection with the leaf, and the discovery of leaves of a Cratwgus with large undoubted stipules, from the Devonian of Wyoming is mentioned (p. 254). Speaking of a leaf of Aspidiophyllum (p. 232). Professor Lesquereux says, " the basilar appendage or pelta is like a primordial form of stipules, as in Platanus basilobata Ward of the Laramie group of Wyoming, P. appen diculata Lesq. of the auriferous gravels of California and definitive ly in P. occidentalis L. of the living flora." Ilenslow, Rev. George.—On a Theoretical Origin of Endogens from Exogens. Jour. Linn. Soc. Loud. 29: 485-528. 1893.
The absence of vascular bundles in certain stipules is noted (p. 494).
These peculiar wing-like appendages are described and figured. Their similarity to the appendages in fossil species of Platanus as described by Professors Lesquereux and Ward is mentioned, and the probability suggested that we have here an explanation of the origin of the stipules of Liriodendronliptfera L. in the same manner as that indicated for those of Platanus occidentalis L. by Professor Ward. The presence of an unwinged portion of the petiole next to the blade in what is evidently the mature form of the leaves of Liriophyllum, and its absence in the immature ones is mentioned as tending to confirm the theory.
In commenting on this paper, the Botanical Gazette (19 : 515. 1894) says, " The phyllopodium is to be regarded as an axis which has a tendency to develop wing-like appendages at any por tion, notably, of course, in the epipodimn. If stipules are branches of the hypopodium their origin has simply to do with the branching of that part of the phyllopodium, without any refer ence to the method of winging found in other regions." Lubbock, Sir John.—On Stipules, their Form and Function. Pt. II. Jour. Linn. Soc. Lorl. 30 : 463-532. 1891.
This paper is a continuation of the author's former publication.
The presence of stipels in Sambucus Ebulus L. is noticed. The membranous protective margins of the sheath in Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. and the " membranous stipular processes at each trifurcation of the lamina " are mentioned, the latter "ap pearing to differ somewhat in their origin from the primary sheath." In treating of Ranunculus aquatints L., the author says, " The terminal bud is enclosed by the stipules of the two uppermost expanded leaves. The developing leaves push their way out at the apex of the stipular sheath. Similarity of condi
tions have therefore developed in the aquatic Ranunculaeete, an arrangement very similar to that of the Potamogetons." The following remarks are of particular interest : •• In Mag nolia glauca L. the winter bud is covered by a pair of connate stipules adnate to a petiole that is less than half their length. Succeeding leaves are perfect, and the stipples are two or three times as long as the petiole, the free portions being connate by both edges, like a candle extinguisher, over the bud, so that the leaf appears to spring from the back. As they are adnate to the petiole, there is some reason to assume that the stipples once formed a sheath pure and simple to the leaf of some ancestral form." Franke, Zur Morphologie and Entwieklungsge sehiehte der Stellaten. Bot. Zeit., 54: 33-60. 1896.
In the part of this paper which treats of the development of the leaf-whorl the author agrees with Eichler that the stipules or iginate later than the principal leaves. But he says that in the species having four-leaved whorls never more than four promi nences arise to develop into the parts of the whorl, and that if the parts number six or more, there is a distinct prominence for each. In the last case the supernnmerary stipules first make their appearance in the course of development of the whorl a little later than the first pair of stipules.
The author, referring to his former paper, describes and figures some abnormal leaves of Liriodendron collected from saplings, seedlings and new shoots from old stumps. One in particular of these leaves is of interest on account of its similarity to the fossil leaves of Liriophyllum populoides Lesq. both in the form of the lamina and especially in having a short petiole with winged margins which extend from the base of the petiole and connect with the base of the leaf-blade.
The question is put whether in this case we have " stipules ad nate to the petiole and leaf-blade, or portions of the leaf-blade which are acting the part of stipular appendages." Such, in brief, is the import of what has been written on the subject of stipules, so far as I have been able to learn. The re sults of my own observations are not at variance to any very con siderable degree with the opinions of most of the botanists who have studied the subject carefully, as will appear from the following exposition of my investigations and the conclusions at which I have arrived. To these 1 shall pass at once, deeming unnecessary farther comment on previous writings, except such as the statement of my results may imply.