GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1879— ), Italian general, eldest son of Gen. Ricciotti Garibaldi and grandson of the Liber ator, was born at Melbourne, July 29, 1879. He fought under his father in the Greco-Turkish War in 1897, and served in the South African War, subsequently leading an adventurous life in South and Central America and in the Balkans. On the outbreak of the World War he raised an Italian Legion of 14,000 men, which fought on the side of France in the Argonne. In 1915 Garibaldi returned to Italy, and on Italy's entry into the War he enlisted as a volunteer. He was soon afterwards commissioned, being given command of a battalion, and served with distinction in the IV. Army. He returned to the French front in March 1918 in command of the famous Brigata Alpi, and in June was pro moted brigadier-general. He resigned his command in June 1919 and gave up his commission in Feb. 1920. He became opposed to the Fascist Government and in the autumn of 1924 was involved in an anti-Fascist agitation organised by the Italia libera Associa tion. Deciding, however, that the movement had no chance of suc cess, he departed for New York to devote himself to business. GARIN LE LOHERAIN, French epic hero. The 12th cen tury chanson de geste of Garin le Loherain is one of the fiercest and most sanguinary narratives left by the trouveres. This local cycle of Lorraine, which is completed by Hervis de Metz, Girbers de Metz, Anseis, fils de Girbert and Yon, is obviously based on history, and affords a picture of the savage feudal wars of the I Ith and 12th centuries. The cycle relates three wars against hosts of heathen invaders. In the first of these Charles Martel and his faithful vassal Hervis of Metz fight by an extraordinary anachron ism against the Vandals, who have destroyed Reims but are de feated in a great battle near Troyes. In the second Hervis is be sieged in Metz by the "Hongres." In the third Thierry, king of Moriane, sends to Pippin for help against four Saracen kings. He is delivered by a Frankish host, but falls in the battle. Hervis of Metz was the son of a citizen to whom the duke of Lorraine had married his daughter Aelis, and his sons Garin and Begue are the heroes of the chanson which gives its name to the cycle. The dying king Thierry had desired that his daughter Blanchefleur should marry Garin, but when Garin prefers his suit at the court of Pippin, Fromont of Bordeaux puts himself forward as his rival and Har dre, Fromont's father, is slain by Garin. The rest of the poem is taken up with the war that ensues between the Lorrainers and the men of Bordeaux. Blanchefleur becomes the wife of Pippin, while Garin remains her faithful servant. He is slain after avenging the murder of his brother. The remaining songs continue the feud between the two families. According to Paulin Paris, the family of Bordeaux represents the early dukes of Aquitaine, the last of whom, Waifar (745-768) was dispossessed and slain by Pippin the Short, king of the Franks ; but the trouveres had in mind no doubt the wars which marked the end of the Carolingian dynasty.
See Li Romans de Garin le Loherain, ed. P. Paris (1833) ; Hist. Litt. de la France, vol. xxii. (1852) ; J. M. Ludlow, Popular Epics of the Middle Ages 0865); F. Lot. Etudes d'histoire du moyen age (18q6) ; F. Settegast, Quellenstudien zur gallo-romanischen Epik (Leipzig, 1904). A complete edition of the cycle was undertaken by E. Stengel, the first volume of which, Hervis de Mes (Gesellschaft fur roman. Lit., Dresden) , appeared in 19o3.