GOA, the name of the past and present capitals of Portuguese India, and of the surrounding territory more exactly described as Goa settlement, on the western coast between 15° 44' and
53' N., and between 73° 45' and 74° 26' E. Pop.
area 1,301 sq.m.
With Damaun and Diu (q.v.) Goa settle ment forms a single administrative province ruled by a gov ernor-general, and a single ecclesiastical province subject to the archbishop of Goa, who is primate of the East and patriarch of the East Indies. For judicial purposes the province includes Macao in China, and Timor in the Malay Archipelago. There are legislative and executive councils which work in collaboration with the governor. It is bounded on the north by the river Terakhul or Araundem, which divides it from the Savantwadi state, east by the Western Ghats, south by Kanara district, and west by the Arabian sea. It comprises the four districts conquered early in the I 6th century and therefore known as the Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests), seven districts acquired later and known as the Novas (New) Conquistas, and the island of Anjidiv or Anjadiva. The settlement, which has a coast-line of 62 m., is hilly, especially in the Novas Conquistas, including a portion of the Western Ghats rising nearly to 4,000 ft. The two largest rivers are the Mandavi and the Juari, which together encircle the island of Goa (Ilhas), being connected on the landward side by a creek. The island is triangular, the apex, called the cabo or cape, being a rocky head land separating the harbour of Goa into two anchorages—Agoada or Aguada at the mouth of the Mandavi, on the north, and Mor magao at the mouth of the Juari, on the south. The southern, sheltered by the promontory of Salsette is the more important. Its trade is mostly transit trade, manganese and cotton being ex ported. A breakwater and quay have recently been built. A rail way, managed by the Madras and Southern Mahratta company connects Mormagao, south of the Juari estuary, with Castle Rock on the Western Ghats. Goa exports coconuts, fruit, spices, fish and salt, but its trade is small, and its manufactures few. Rice is the staple product, with fruit, salt, coconuts and betelnut. The population of the Velhas Conquistas is largely Christian, and that of the Novas Conquistas Hindu. The Christians are mostly Roman Catholics. The native population speak Konkani. Iron and manganese occur, but have been little worked recently.
I. The ancient Hindu city of Goa, of which hardly a fragment survives, was built at the southernmost point of the island, and was famous in early Hindu legend and history. In the Puranas and certain inscriptions its name appears as Gove, Govapuri, Gomant, etc. ; the mediaeval Arabian geographers knew it as Sindabur or Sandabur, and the Portuguese as Goa Velha. It was ruled by the Kadamba dynasty from the 2nd century A.D. to 1312, and by Mohammedan invaders of the Dec can from 1312 until about 1370. It was then annexed to the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar.
2. Old Goa, founded in 144o, is, for the most part, a city of ruins. The chief surviving buildings are the cathedral, founded by Albuquerque in 1511, rebuilt in 1623, and still used for public worship; the convent of St. Francis (1517) , a converted mosque rebuilt in 1661, with a portal of carved black stone, the only relic of Portuguese architecture in India dating from the first quarter of the i6th century; the chapel of St. Catherine 0550 ; the fine church of Bom Jesus (1594-1603 ), containing the shrine of St. Francis Xavier (see XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE) ; and the 17th century convents of St. Monica and St. Cajetan. The college of St. Paul is in ruins.
3. Panjim, Pangim or New Goa originally a suburb of Old Goa, is built like the parent city, on the left bank of the Mandavi estuary, in 15° 3o' N. and
33' E. Pop. (1921) 7,388. It is a modern port, containing the Archbishop's palace, government house, barracks, etc. Panjim became the residence of the viceroy in 1759 and the capital of Portuguese India in 1843. It possesses a lyceum, commercial, medical and normal schools, and an experi mental agricultural station.
With the subdivision of the Bahmani kingdom, after 1482, Goa passed into the power of Yusuf Adil Shah, king of Bijapur, who was its ruler when the Portuguese first reached India. At this time Goa was important as the starting point of pilgrims from India to Mecca, as a mart with no rival except Calicut on the west coast, and especially as the centre of the import trade in horses (Gulf Arabs) from Hormuz. It was easily defensible by any power with command of the sea, and was attacked on the loth of/February 1510 by the Portuguese under Albuquerque. As a Hindu ascetic had foretold its down fall and the garrison of Ottoman mercenaries was outnumbered, the city surrendered without a struggle, and Albuquerque entered it in triumph. Three months later Yusuf Adil Shah returned with 6o,000 troops, forced the passage of the ford, and blockaded the Portuguese in their ships from May to August, when the cessation of the monsoon enabled them to put to sea. In November Albu querque returned with a larger force and after overcoming a desperate resistance, recaptured the city and massacred the entire Mohammedan population.
Goa was the first territorial possession of the Portuguese in Asia. Albuquerque and•his successors left almost untouched the customs and constitutions of the 3o village communities on the island, only abolishing the rite of suttee. A register of these cus toms (Focal de usos e costumes) was published in 1526, and an abstract of it is given in R. S. Whiteway's Rise of the Portuguese Empire in India (London, 1898) .
Goa became the capital of the whole Portuguese empire in the East. It was granted the same civic privileges as Lisbon. In 1542 St. Francis Xavier mentions the architectural splendour of the city; but it reached the climax of its prosperity between 1575 and 1625. The appearance of the Dutch in Indian waters was followed by the gradual ruin of Goa. In 1603 and 1639 the city was block aded by Dutch fleets, though never captured, and in 1635 it was ravaged by an epidemic. Its trade was gradually monopolized by the Jesuits. Thevenot in 1666, Baldaeus in 1672, Fryer in 1675 describe its ever-increasing poverty and decay. In 1683 only the timely appearance of a Mogul army saved it from capture by a horde of Mahratta raiders, and in 1739 the whole territory was attacked by the same enemies, and only saved by the unex pected arrival of a new viceroy with a fleet. This peril was al ways imminent until 1759, when a peace with the Mahrattas was concluded. In the same year the proposal to remove the seat of government to Panjim was carried out; it had been discussed as early as 1684. Between 1695 and 1775 the population dwindled from 20,00o to 1,60o, and in 1835 Goa was only inhabited by a few priests, monks and nuns.
Some Dominican friars came out to Goa in 151 o, but no large missionary enterprise was undertaken before the arrival of the Franciscans in 1 51 7. From their head quarters in Goa the Franciscan preachers visited many parts of western India, and even journeyed to Ceylon, Pegu and the Malay Archipelago. For nearly twenty-five years they carried on the work of evangelization almost alone, with such success that in 1534 Pope Paul III. made Goa a bishopric, with spiritual juris diction over all Portuguese possessions between China and the Cape of Good Hope, though itself suffragan to the archbishopric of Funchal in Madeira. A Franciscan friar, Joao de Albuquerque, came to Goa as its first bishop in 1538. In 1542 St. Francis Xavier came to Goa, and took over the Franciscan college of Santa Fe, for the training of native missionaries; this was re named the College of St. Paul, and became the headquarters of all Jesuit missions in the East, where the Jesuits were commonly styled Paulistas. By a Bull dated the 4th of February 1557 Goa was made an archbishopric, with jurisdiction over the sees of Malacca and Cochin, to which were added Macao (1575), Japan (1588), Angamale or Cranganore (1600), Meliapur (Mylapur) (16°6), Peking and Nanking (i6io), together with the bishopric of Mozambique, which included the entire coast of East Africa. In 16o6 the archbishop received the title of Primate of the East, and the king of Portugal was named Patron of the Catholic Mis sions in the East; his right of patronage was limited by the Con cordat of 1857 to Goa, Malacca, Macao and certain parts of British India. The Inquisition was introduced into Goa in 156o : a vivid account of its proceedings is given by C. Dellon, Relation de l'inquisition de Goa (1688). Five ecclesiastical councils, which dealt with matters of discipline, were held at Goa—in 1567, 1575, 1585, 1592 and 1606; the archbishop of Goa also presided over the more important synod of Diamper (Udayamperur, about I2m. S.E. of Cochin), which in 1599 condemned as heretical the tenets and liturgy of the Indian Nestorians (q.v.), or Christians of St. Thomas. In 1675 Fryer described Goa as "a Rome in India, both for absoluteness and fabrics." The Jesuits were ex pelled in 1759, the Inquisition was abolished in 1814 and the religious orders were secularized in 1835.
N. da Fonseca, An Historical and ArchaeoBibliography.-J. N. da Fonseca, An Historical and Archaeo- logical Sketch of Goa (Bombay, 1878) ; The Commentaries . . . of Dalboquerque (Hakluyt Society's translation, London, 1877), the Cartas of Albuquerque (Lisbon, 1884), the Historia . . . da India of F. L. de Castanheda (Lisbon, 1833, written before 1552), the Lendas da India of G. Correa (Lisbon, 186o, written 1514-1566), and the Decadas da India of Joao de Barros and D. do Couto (Lis bon, 1778-1788, written about 1 S3o-1616) . Archivo Portuguez oriental (6 parts, New Goa, 18S7-1877) ; the travels of Varthema (c. 15o5), Linschoten (c. 158o), Pyrard (16o8) in the Hakluyt Society's trans lations; J. Mocquet, Voyages (Paris, 183o, written 16o8-161o) ; P. Baldaeus, in Churchill's Voyages, vol. 3 (London, 1732) ; J. Fryer, A New Account of East India and Persia (London, 1698) ; A. de Mandelslo, Voyages (London, 1669) ; Les Voyages de M. de Thevenot aux Indes Orientales (Amsterdam, 1779), and A. Hamilton, A New Account of the East Indies (London, 1774) • For Goa in the 2oth century see The Imperial Gazetteer of India.
