GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus), a cyprinid fish, like the carp, a native of eastern Asia, but introduced into many other parts of the world. It is closely related to the crucian carp of Europe and northern Asia; both species resemble the common carp in having a long dorsal fin, but differ from it in having no barbels. The goldfish flourishes in ponds and feeds on weeds and small invertebrates. In a wild state the coloration is generally greenish-brown, but specimens may occur with the brown or black pigment absent or restricted to some spots and patches, and bright orange in colour. These golden fish have been bred by the Chinese for centuries, and many strange and even mon strous types have been produced. Fish with silvery patches, or even pure white, are not uncommon ; the telescope-fish, with pro truding eyes, no dorsal fin and a large trilobed tail-fin, is one of the most extraordinary forms. Goldfish were introduced from China into Japan, and for hundreds of years they have been culti vated in ponds by the Japanese, who have produced new types by cross-breeding; many of these have a long double tail-fin. The most prized variety has a short rounded body, a broad head covered with protuberances, no dorsal fin and a short double tail fin; as much as £2o–f25 may be given for an exceptional pair. Annual exhibits of this breed are held in Tokyo; fish which are entirely bright red are considered best, but white fish with red fins are much admired.
Escaping from ornamental pools in parks and gardens the gold fish has become naturalized in many ponds and streams of the eastern United States, notably in the Potomac river. In some localities it occurs in sufficient abundance to be marketed as a food fish. Upon resuming life under natural conditions it reverts to its original greenish-brown color, and usually attains a length of from 6 to 12 inches.
See S. Matsubara, "Goldfish and their Culture in Japan," Bull. U.S. Fish Bureau (1908) ; H. M. Smith Japanese Goldfish (Washington, 1909).