GOLDIE, SIR GEORGE DASHWOOD TAUBMAN (1846-1925), English administrator, the founder of Nigeria, was born on May 26, 1846, at the Nunnery, Isle of Man, being the youngest son of Lieut.-Colonel John Taubman Goldie-Taubman, speaker of the House of Keys. Sir George resumed his paternal name, Goldie, by royal licence in 1887. He was educated at the Royal Military academy, Woolwich, and for about two years held a commission in the Royal Engineers. He travelled in all parts of Africa, gaining an extensive knowledge of the continent, and first visited the country of the Niger in 1877. He conceived the idea of adding to the British empire the then little known regions of the lower and middle Niger, and for over 20 years his efforts were devoted to the realization of this conception. The method by which he determined to work was the revival of government by chartered companies within the empire—a method supposed to be buried with the East India company. The first step was to com bine all British commercial interests in the Niger, and this he accomplished in 1879 when the United African company was formed. In Goldie sought a charter from the imperial gov ernment (the 2nd Gladstone ministry). Objections of various kinds were raised. To meet them the capital of the company (re named the National African company) was increased from £125, 000 to L1,000,000, stations were founded on the Niger and the French traders established on the lower river were bought out in 1884. Meantime the Niger coast line had been placed under British protection, and over 400 political treaties—drawn up by Goldie—were made with the chiefs of the lower Niger and the Hausa states. The scruples of the British Government being overcome, a charter was at length granted (July 1886), the Na tional African company becoming the Royal Niger company, with Lord Aberdare as governor and Goldie as vice-governor. In 1895, on Lord Aberdare's death, Goldie became governor of the company, whose destinies he had guided from the time of its foundation under its former name.
The building up of Nigeria as a British state had to be carried on in face of further difficulties raised by French travellers with political missions, and also in face of German opposition. From 1884 to 1890, Prince Bismarck was a persistent antagonist, and the strenuous efforts he made to secure for Germany the basin of the lower Niger and Lake Chad were even more dangerous to Goldie's schemes of empire than the ambitions of France. E. R. Flegel, who had travelled in Nigeria during 1882-84 under the auspices of the British company, was sent out in 1885 by the newly-formed German Colonial society to secure treaties for Germany, which had established itself at Cameroon. After Flegel's death in 1886 his work was continued by his companion Staud inger, while Hoenigsberg was despatched to stir up trouble in the occupied portions of the company's territory,—or, as he ex pressed it, "to burst up the charter." He was finally arrested at Onitsha, and, after trial by the company's supreme court at Asaba, was expelled from the country. Bismarck then sent out his nephew, von Puttkamer, as German consul-general to Nigeria, with orders to report on this affair, and when this report was pub lished in a White Book, Bismarck demanded heavy damages from the company. Meanwhile Bismarck maintained constant pressure on the British government to compel the Royal Niger company to a division of spheres of influence, whereby Great Britain would have lost a third, and the most valuable part, of the company's territory. But he fell from power in March 1890, and in July fol lowing Lord Salisbury concluded the famous "Heligoland" agree ment with Germany. After this event the aggressive action of Germany in Nigeria entirely ceased, and the door was opened for a final settlement of the Nigeria-Cameroon frontiers. These nego tiations, which resulted in an agreement in 1893, were initiated by Goldie as a means of arresting the advance of France into Nigeria from the direction of the Congo. By conceding to Germany a long but narrow strip of territory between Adamawa and Lake Chad, to which she had no treaty claims, a barrier was raised against French expeditions, semi-military and semi-exploratory, which sought to enter Nigeria from the east. Later French efforts at aggression were made from the western or Dahomeyan side, despite an agree ment concluded with France in 1890 respecting the northern frontier.
The hostility of certain Fula princes led the company to des patch, in 1897, an expedition against the Mohammedan States of Nupe and Illorin. This expedition was organized and personally directed by Goldie and was completely successful. Internal peace was thus secured, but in the following year the differences with France in regard to the frontier line became acute, and compelled the intervention of the British government. In the negotiations which ensued Goldie preserved for Great Britain the whole of the navigable stretch of the lower Niger. It was, however, evidently impossible for a chartered company to hold its own against the state-supported protectorates of France and Germany, and in con sequence, on Jan. 1, 1900, the Royal Niger company transferred its territories to the British government for the sum of i865,000. The ceded territory together with the small Niger Coast Protec torate, already under imperial control, was formed into the two protectorates of northern and southern Nigeria (see further NIGERIA) .
In 1903-04, at the request of the Chartered company of South Africa, Goldie visited Rhodesia and examined the situation in connection with the agitation for self-government by the Rhode sians. In 1902-03 he was one of the royal commissioners who inquired into the military preparations for the war in South Africa (1899-1902) and into the operations up to the occupation of Pretoria, and in 1905-06 was a member of the royal commission which investigated the methods of disposal of war stores after peace had been made. In 1905 he was elected president of the Royal Geographical society and held that office for three years. From 1908 to 1919 he was an alderman of the London County Council, on which he served as chairman of the finance commit tee. Goldie was created K.C.M.G. in 1887, and a privy councillor in 1898. From 1905 to 1914, and from 1915 to 1920 he was presi dent of the National Defence Association. He died in London on Aug. 22, 1925.