GRAMPIANS, THE, a mass of mountains in central Scot land, occupying the area between a line drawn from Dumbarton shire to the North sea at Stonehaven, and the valley of the Spey or even Glenmore (the Caledonian canal) . Their trend is from south-west to north-east, the southern face forming the natural division between the Lowlands and Highlands. They lie in the shires of Argyll, Dumbarton, Stirling, Perth, Forfar, Kincardine, Aberdeen, Banff and Inverness. Among the highest summits are Ben Nevis, Ben Macdhui and Cairngorm, Ben Lawers, Ben More, Ben Alder, Ben Cruachan and Ben Lomond. The principal rivers flowing from the watershed northward are the Findhorn, Spey, Don, Dee and their tributaries, and southward the South Esk, Tay and Forth with their affluents. On the north the mass is wild and rugged; on the south, the slope is often gentle, afford ing excellent pasture in many places. Both sections contain some of the finest deer-forests in Scotland. The rocks consist chiefly of granite, gneiss, schists, quartzite, porphyry and diorite. Their fastnesses were inhabited by the northern Picts, the Caledonians who, under Galgacus, were defeated by Agricola in A.D. 84 at Mons Graupius—the false reading of which, Grampius, has been per petuated in the name of the mountains. This site has not been ascertained.