HALDANE, ELIZABETH SANDERSON English author, daughter of Robert Haldane of Cloanden, was born in 1862 and educated at home. She took up the nursing profession, and became vice-chairman of the Territorial nursing service. She was also manager of Edinburgh royal infirmary for some years. She took an active part in public life, and served on the royal commission on the civil service, and on several advisory committees. She was the first woman to be made a justice of the peace in Scotland. In addition to her public work, she studied philosophy, obtained the degree of LL.D. at St. Andrews university, and wrote several books on the philosophers, as well as many articles in various periodicals. Her publications include : The Wisdom and Religion of a German Philosopher (1897); Life of James Ferrier (1899); Life of Descartes (19o5); Descartes' Philosophical Works (with Prof. Ross, 1912) ; British Nurse in Peace and War (1923) ; George Eliot and her Times (1927) ; and a translation, with Miss F. Simson, of Hegel's History of Philosophy (3 vols., 1892).