HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-187o), Austrian soldier, entered the army in 1805 and after distinguished service in the Napoleonic Wars, became in 1831 chief of staff to Radetzky on his appointment to the command in Austrian Italy. An excellent organizer, he assisted his chief to make the Austrian army in Italy the best in Europe. From 48 he was employed in Moravia and Vienna, but on the outbreak of revolution returned to Italy as Radetzky's chief of staff and helped to bring the campaign to its successful close. He was pro moted quartermaster-general, and in 1849 chief of staff to the Emperor. After serving on various missions abroad, he com manded the Austrian forces in the Crimean War. In 1859, he was sent to Italy after the early Austrian defeats, but could not retrieve the situation. He became field marshal in 186o, and a year later, on resigning his position as chief of staff, he was made captain of the Trabant guard. He died in Vienna in 1870.
See "General Hess" in Lebensgeschichtlichen Hinrissen (Vienna, HESSE, HERMANN (1877– ), German writer and poet,was born at Kalw on July 2, 1877. He wrote a long series of novels, Indian travel sketches and other works. His first volume of poems appeared in 1902, and a selection in 1922. An edition of his collected works was begun in 1925.