HEIBERG, JOHAN LUDVIG (1791-186o), Danish poet and critic, son of the political writer Peter Andreas Heiberg (1758 1 841), and of the novelist, afterwards the Baroness Gyllembourg Ehrensvard (q.v.), was born at Copenhagen on Dec. 14, 1791. In 1800 his father was exiled and settled in Paris, where he was employed in the French foreign office, retiring in 1817 with a pension. His political and satirical writings continued to exercise great influence over his fellow-countrymen. Johan Ludvig Hei berg was taken by K. L. Rahbek and his wife into their house at Bakkehuset. He was educated at the University of Copenhagen, and his first publication, entitled The Theatre for Marionettes (1814), included two romantic dramas. This was followed by Christmas Jokes and New Year's Tricks (1816), The Initiation of Psyche (1817), and The Prophecy of Tycho Brahe, a satire on the eccentricities of the Romantic writers, especially on the sentimentality of Ingemann. In 1817 Heiberg took his degree, and in 1819 went abroad with a grant from Government. He spent the next three years abroad with his father. In 1822 he pub lished his drama of Nina, and was made professor of the Danish language at the University of Kiel, where he delivered a course of lectures, comparing the Scandinavian mythology as found in the Edda with the poems of Ohlenschlager. These lectures were published in German in 1827.
In 1825 Heiberg came back to Copenhagen with the intention of introducing the vaudeville on the Danish stage. He composed a great number of these vaudevilles; he took his models from the French theatre but the subjects and the humour were essentially Danish and even topical. Meanwhile he was producing dramatic work of a more serious kind; in 1828 he brought out the national drama of Elverhoi; in 1830 The Inseparables; in 1835 the fairy comedy of The Elves, a dramatic version of Tieck's Elfin; and in 1838 Fata Morgana. In 1841 Heiberg published a volume of New Poems containing "A Soul after Death," a comedy which is perhaps his masterpiece, "The Newly Wedded Pair," and other pieces. He edited from 1827 to 1830 the famous weekly, the Flyvende Post, and subsequently the Interimsblade and the Intelligensblade (1842-43). In his journalism he com bated the excessive pretensions of the Romanticists, and pro duced much valuable and penetrating criticism of art and litera ture. In 1831 he married the actress Johanne Louise Paetges (1812-9o), herself the author of some popular vaudevilles.
Heiberg's scathing satires made him very unpopular; and this antagonism reached its height when, in 1845, he published his malicious little drama of The Nut Crackers. Nevertheless he became in 1847 director of the national theatre. He filled the post for seven years, working with great zeal and conscientious ness, but was forced by intrigues from without to resign it in 18J4. Heiberg died at Bonderup Aug. 25, 186o.
The poetical works of Heiberg were collected, in i i vols., in 1861 62, and his prose writings (11 vols.) in the same year. The last volume of his prose works contains some fragments of autobiography. For the elder Heiberg see monographs by Thaarup (1883) and by Schwanen flugel (1891) . For the younger Heiberg see P. Hansen, Om J. L. Heiberg (1867), and J. Clausen, Kulturhistoriske studier over Hei bergs Vaudeviller (1891) .