HAMMOND, JOHN LAWRENCE LE BRETON ), British author and journalist, was educated at Bradford grammar school and St. John's college, Oxford. He was editor of the Speaker from 1899 to 1906, when he joined the staff of the Tribune as leaderwriter. In 1907 he was appointed secretary to the civil service commission. He served in the World War with the Lowland division (Sept. 1915 to Aug. 1916), and on his discharge obtained a post in the ministry of reconstruc tion. Hammond is the historian of the industrial revolution in England; in his works on this subject, which are indispensable to the student, he had the assistance of his wife Barbara Hammond. His chief journalistic work was done on the Manchester Guardian. His publications include : Charles James Fox (1903) ; The Village Labourer, 176o-1832 (1911, and later eds.) ; The Town Labourer 1760-1832 (19 1 7) ; The Skilled Labourer 1760-1832 (1919) ; Lord Shaftesbury (1923); The Rise of Modern Industry (1925). He was one of the authors of Liberalism and the Empire (I 900) , and collaborated in Essays on Liberalism by Six Oxford Men (19oo).