HELFFERICH, KARL (1872-1924), German financier and politician, was born in Neustadt-an-der-Haardt on July 22, 1872. In 1901 he became a professor of political science in Berlin, and in 1906 went to Constantinople as manager of the Anatolian Railway. He returned to Berlin in 1908 to take up the chairman ship of the Deutsche Bank. In 1913 he was the chief German delegate at the Paris conference for the settlement of Balkan financial affairs. In 1915 Helfferich was appointed secretary of state for the Imperial treasury, where he followed the principle of defraying the cost of the War by borrowing rather than by fresh taxation, relying on a final German victory. In June 1 g 16 he left the treasury for the home office. In June 1918 he was appointed to succeed Count Mirbach, who had been assassinated, as Germany's representative in Moscow. He remained in Mos cow for three months, returning to Berlin in August to conduct the economic and industrial demobilization of Germany after the Armistice. He devoted himself thenceforward principally to fi nancial questions. In 1923 he secured the currency of the Renten mark, and then f ought against the Government policy of fulfil ment of treaty obligations. He was fatally injured April 23, 1924. His publications include: Das Geld (r9o3, 6th ed. 1923) ; Deutsch lands Volkswohlstand 1888-1913 (1913, 7th ed. 1917, trs. 1913) ; Der Weltkrieg (3 vols. 1919) ; Die Politik der Er f ullung (192 2) ; Die deutsche Tiirkenpolitik (1921), Georg von Siemens, ein Lebensbild (3 vols., 1922-23). See K. von Lumm, Helfferich als W, hrungspolitiker and Gelehrter (1926) .