HONORIUS, the name of four popes and one antipope.
1. HoNoRivs I., pope from 625 to 638, was of a noble Roman family. He continued the work of Gregory the Great, especially in England; Bede (Hist. Eccl. ii. i7) gives a letter of his to King Edwin of Northumbria, in which he admonishes him diligently to study Gregory's writings; and it was at Edwin's request that Honorius conferred the pallium on the bishops of Canterbury and York (ib. ii. 18) . He also admonished the Irish for not follow ing the custom of the Catholic Church in the celebration of Easter (ib. ii. 19), and commissioned Birinus to preach Christianity in Wessex (ib. iii. 7). The emperor Heraclius aided him in his diffi culties with the schism of the "three chapters" in Istria and Venetia, a schism that was ended by the deposition in 628 of the schismatic patriarch Fortunatus of Aquileia-Grado and the eleva tion of a Roman sub-deacon to the patriarchate. The support given to him by Constantinople may have influenced Honorius, who joined the patriarchs of Constantinople and Alexandria in supporting the doctrine of "one will" in Christ, and expounded this view forcibly, if somewhat obscurely, in two letters to the patriarch Sergius (Epist. 4 and 5 in Migne, Patrologia. Ser. Lat. lxxx. 470, 474) . For this he was (October 638) anathematized by name along with the Monothelite heretics by the council of Constantinople (First Trullan) in 681 ; a condemnation after con firmed by more than one pope, particularly by Leo II. See Hefele, Die Irrlehre des Honorius u. die vaticanische Lehre der Un f ehl barkeit (1871), who, however, modified his view in his Concilien geschicJite (1877). Honorius I. was succeeded by Severinus.
See the articles by R. Zopffel and G. Kruger in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopiidie (ed. 1900), and by T. Grisar in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg, 1889) . See also U. Chevalier, Repertoire des sources hist., etc., Bio-bibliographie, s. "Honorius I." (Paris, 19°5).
2. HONORIUS II. (d. 1072), antipope, was the name taken by Peter Cadalus, who was born at Verona and became bishop of Parma in 1046. After the death of Nicholas II. in 1o61 he was chosen pope by some German and Lombard bishops at Basel in opposition to Alexander II., who had been elected by the Hilde brandine party. The antipope marched on Rome in 1063, and entered the city, but soon took refuge in the castle of St. Angelo. After a war lasting about a year Cadalus fled from Rome. He died in 1072, without having abandoned his claim to the papal chair.
See art. on Honorius II. in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, Bd. viii. (1900) .
3. HONORIUS II. (Lamberto Scannabecchi), pope from Dec. 15, 1124, to Feb. 13, 113o, a native of Fagnano near Imola, of considerable learning and great religious zeal, successively arch deacon at Bologna, cardinal-priest of Sta. Prassede under Urban II., cardinal-bishop of Ostia and Velletri under Paschal II., shared the exile of Gelasius II. in France, and helped Calixtus II. to conclude the Concordat of Worms (1122), which settled the in vestiture contest. He was consecrated on Dec. 21, I 124. By means of a close alliance with the Frangipani, he maintained peace at Rome. He recognized the Saxon Lothair III. as king of the Romans and later as emperor, and excommunicated his rival, Conrad of Hohenstaufen. He sanctioned the Praemonstratensian order and that of the Knights Templars. He excommunicated Count William of Normandy for marriage in prohibited degree; brought to an end, through the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux, the struggle with Louis VI. of France; and arranged with Henry I. for the reception of papal legates in England. He laid claim as feudal overlord to the Norman possessions in southern Italy (July 1127), and excommunicated the claimant, Duke Roger of Sicily, but was unable to prevent the foundation of the Neapoli tan monarchy, for Duke Roger defeated the papal army and forced recognition in August 1128.
The chief sources for the life of Honorius II. are his "Epistolae et Privilegia," in J. P. Migne, Patrol. Lat. vol. 166, and the Vitae of Cardinals Pandulf and Boso in J. M. Watterich, Pontif. Roman. vitae, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1862) ; also "Codice diplomatico e bollario di Onorio II." in Fr. Liverani opere, vol. 4 (Macerata, 1859), and Jaffe Wattenbach, Regesta pontif. Roman. (1885-1888).
See J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III. (Bonn, 1893) ; F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs. G. W. Hamilton (London, 1896) ; H. H. Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 4 (London, 1899) ; Fr. Liverani, "Lamberto da Fiagnano" in Opere, vol. 3 (Macerata, 1859) ; A. Wagner, Die unteritalischen Normannen and des Papsttum 1086-1150 (Breslau, 1885) ; E. Bernheim, Zur Geschichte des Wormser Concordats (Got tingen, 1878) ; Volkmar, "Das Verhaltnis Lothars III. zur Investitur frage," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. 26.
4. HONORIUS III. (Cencio Savelli), pope from June 18, 1216, to March 18, 1227, a highly-educated and pious Roman, succes sively canon of Sta. Maria Maggiore, cardinal-deacon of Sta. Lucia in Silice, vice-chancellor, chamberlain and cardinal-priest of Sti. Giovanni e Paolo, was the successor of Innocent III. He made peace with the emperor Frederick II. (q.v.) Honorius was eager to carry out the decrees of the Lateran Council of 1215 against the Albigenses and to further the crusade proclaimed by his predecessor. He crowned Peter of Courtenay emperor of Byzantium, 1217, espoused the cause of Henry III. of England against the barons and accepted the Isle of Man as a perpetual fief. He sanctioned the Dominican order (1216), making St. Dominic papal major-domo 0218); approved the Franciscan or der (1223) ; and authorized many of the tertiary orders. He was succeeded by Gregory IX.
Honorius III. left many writings which have been collected and pub lished by Abbe Horoy in the Medii aevi bibliotheca patristica, vols. i.—ii. (Paris, 1879-1883) . His most important work is the Liber censuum Romanae ecclesiae, written in 1192 and containing a record of the income of the Roman Church and of its relations with secular authorities. The last named is edited by P. Fabre in Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de Rome (Paris, 1892). The letters of Honorius are in F. Liverani, Spicilegium Liberianum (1863) . There are good Regesta edited by P. Pressutti (Rome, 1888, etc.).
5. HoNOxlus IV. (Jacopo Savelli), pope from April 2, 1285 to April 3, 1287, grand-nephew of Honorius III ; showed special favours to the mendicant orders and sanctioned the Carmelites and Augustinian Eremites and was the first pope to employ the bank ing houses in northern Italy for the collection of papal dues.