HYDERABAD, capital of the State of Hyderabad on the right bank of the Musi, a tributary of the river Kistna, with Gol conda to the west, and the British cantonment of Secunderabad 5 m. to the north-east. It is the fourth largest city in India; pop. 466,894, including suburbs and cantonment. It was founded in 1589 by Mohammed Kuli, fifth of the Kutb Shahi kings. The Char Minar or Four Minarets (1591), which rise from arches facing the cardinal points, stand in the centre of the city, with four roads radiating from their base. The Ashur Khana , a ceremonial building, the hospital, the Gosha Mahal palace and the Mecca mosque, a sombre building designed after a mosque at Mecca, surrounding a paved quadrangle 36o ft. square, were the other principal buildings of the Kutb Shahi period, though the mosque was only completed in the time of Aurangzeb. The city proper is surrounded by a stone wall with thirteen gates, completed in the time of the first nizam, who made Hyderabad his capital. The suburbs, of which the most important is Chadarghat, extend over a large additional area. There are several fine palaces built by various nizams, and the British residency is an imposing building in a large park on the left bank of the Musi, north-east of the city. The bazaars around it, and under its jurisdiction, are extremely picturesque. Four bridges crossed the Musi, the most notable of which was the Purana Pul, of 23 arches, built in 1593. In 1908, however, the river, swollen by torrential rain (15 in. fell in 36 hours), rose in flood to a height of I 2 ft. above the bridges and swept them away. Enormous damage was done, and thousands of lives were lost. The principal educational establishments are the Nizam college (affili ated to Madras University) and the Osmanian University. The latter is unique among Indian universities, in that Urdu is the medium of instruction, English being taught as a compulsory second language. Hyderabad is an important centre of general trade, and there is a cotton mill in its vicinity. The city is supplied with water from two large lakes retained by great dams.