Quaestor Ince

INCE, QUAESTOR, SENATE, TRIBUNE, etc. There are other minor headings and the articles AGRARIAN LAWS and ROMAN LAW should be consulted.

The chief tribes of the Roman world have each a separate article. We may mention HELVETII, HUNS, MESSAPII and V0L5CI.

Every province, etc., of the republic or empire has a separate article, in particular, AFRICA (ROMAN), BITHYNIA, BRITAIN (ROMAN) , CAPPADOCIA, CILICIA, DACIA, GALATIA, GAUL, ILLYRIA, LIMES GERMANICUS, LYCIA, LYDIA, MAURETANIA, PALMYRA, PAN NONIA, PHRYGIA, PONTUS, SPAIN, SYRIA, THRACE; see also CAR THAGE.

Military History.

The military history of the ancient world is dealt with in articles which, on the one hand, cover the out standing military organizations and, on the other, the chief cam paigns and battles. In the first class come the articles MACE DONIAN ARMY and ROMAN ARMY. The second class enables the reader not merely to study the course of the great conflicts but to trace the evolution of warfare and its methods. Beginning with the GRAECO-PERSIAN WARS, the thread passes through the PELOPONNESIAN WAR, then through such illustrative battles as CUNAXA, LEUCTRA, MANTINEA, and on by Alexander's battles, GRANICUS, ISSUS, GAUGAMELA and HYDASPES, as well as the biographical article on ALEXANDER. DIADOCHI, WARS OF THE, shows the decline of his system, and the next stage is reached with the PUNIC WARS (see also HANNIBAL and SCIPIO). TRASIMENUS and CANNAE show Hannibal's art, as CARTAGENA, ILIPA and ZAMA show Scipio's. Thereafter come Caesar's battles and sieges, among them ALESIA, ILERDA, PHARSALUS and THAPSUS, and as CARRHAE reveals a weakness in the Roman legionary organization, so ADRIANOPLE marks its fall from military supremacy.

In addition to the guide here given reference should also be made to articles under the various biographical articles and to the headings connected with Archaeology, Church History, Economics, Law and Literature.

For Europe see DARK AGES ; MIDDLE AGES ; EUROPE. For articles on subjects concerning Europe generally, see also:—CoM The development of the methods and means of warfare in Mediaeval history is covered in the historical parts of such gen eral articles as ARMY ; CAVALRY ; FORTIFICATION AND SIEGECRAFT; GUN ; INFANTRY ; MILITIA ; and TACTICS. For special light on certain periods and on certain military organizations which markedly influenced the course of mediaeval history see MOHAM