HOAR, SAMUEL (1778-1856), American lawyer, was born in Lincoln (Mass.), on May 18, 1778. He graduated at Harvard in 1802, was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1805, and began practice at Concord. His success was immediate, and for half a century he was one of the leading lawyers of Massachusetts. He was in early life a Federalist, later an ardent Whig. He was a member of the State Senate in 1825, 1832, and 1833 and of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1835-37, during which time he made a notable speech in favour of the constitutional right of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia.
In November 1844 he went to Charleston (S.C.) to test in the courts of South Carolina the constitutionality of the State law which provided that "it shall not be lawful for any free negro, or person of colour, to come into this State on board any vessel, as a cook, steward, or mariner, or in any other employment," and that such free negroes should be seized and locked up until the vessels on which they had come were ready for sea, when they should be returned to such vessels. His visit aroused great excite ment; he was threatened with personal injury; the State legisla ture passed resolutions calling for his expulsion, and he was com pelled to leave early in December. In 1848 he was prominent in the Free Soil movement and assisted in the organization of the Republican Party. In 1850 he served in the Massachusetts house of representatives. He died at Concord (Mass.), on Nov. 2, 1856.
See a memoir by his son, G. F. Hoar, in Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, vol. iii. (1883) ; the estimate by R. W. Emerson in Lectures and Biographical Sketches (1903) ; and "Samuel Hoar's Expulsion from Charleston," Old South Leaflets, vol. vi. No. 14o.
His son, EBENEZER ROCKWOOD HOAR (1816-1895), was born at Concord (Mass.), on Feb. 21, 1816. He graduated at Harvard in 1835 and at the Harvard Law school in 1839, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1840. From 1849 to 1855 he was a judge of the Massachusetts court of common pleas, from 1859 to 1869 a judge of the State supreme court, and in 1869-7o as attorney-general in the cabinet of President Grant, fought un merited "machine" appointments to offices in the civil service until, at the pressure of the "machine," Grant asked for his resig nation. In 1871 he was a member of the joint high commission which drew up the Treaty of Washington. In 1872 he was a presi dential elector on the Republican ticket, and in 1873-75 was a representative in Congress. He died at Concord on Jan. 31, Another son, GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR (1826-1904), was born in Concord (Mass.), on Aug. 29, 1826. He graduated at Harvard in 1846 and at the Harvard Law school in 1849. He settled in the practice of law in Worcester (Mass.), and became a partner of Emory Washburn (180o-77). In 1852 he was elected as a Free Soiler to the Massachusetts house of representatives, and subse quently thereto became the leader of his party. He was active in the organization of the Republican Party in Massachusetts and in 1857 was elected to the State Senate. During 1856-57 he worked for the Free State cause in Kansas. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1869-77. A defender of the Freedman's Bureau, he took a leading part in later reconstruction legislation and in the investigation of the Credit Mobilier scandal, and in 1876 was one of the House managers of the impeachment of Gen. W. W. Belknap, Grant's secretary for war.
In 1877 he was a member of the electoral commission which settled the disputed Hayes-Tilden election. From 1877 until his death he was a leader of the Republican Party in the U.S. Senate. From 1882 until his death he sat on the important judiciary com mittee, of which he was chairman in 1891-93 and in 1895-1904.
His most important piece of legislation was the Presidential Succession Act of 1886. He was a delegate to every Republican national convention from 1876 to 1904 and presided over that at Chicago in 1880. He was a Conservative, and although he did no leave his party he disagreed with its policy in regard to the Phil ippines and spoke and voted against the ratification of the Spanisl Treaty. He died at Worcester (Mass.), on Sept. 30, 1904. 1 memorial statue has been erected there.
See his Recollections of Seventy Years (19o3) .
is. formed and deposited when the water vapour in the atmosphere is solidified without passing through the liquid state. (See FROST.)