WARD, JAMES English psychologist and metaphysician, was born at Hull on Jan. 27, 1843. He was edu cated at the Liverpool Institute, at Berlin and Gottingen, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; he also worked in the physiological laboratory at Leipzig. He studied originally for the Congrega tional ministry, and for a year was minister of Emmanuel Church, Cambridge. Subsequently he devoted himself to psychological research, became fellow of his college in 1875 and university pro fessor of mental philosophy in 1897. He was Gifford lecturer at Aberdeen in 1895-97, and at St. Andrews in 1908-1o. His work shows the influence of Leibnitz and Lotze, as well as of evolution.
His views are further worked out, through criticism of pluralism and as a theistic interpretation of the world, in his Gifford Lectures (The Realm of Ends) (1911, 3rd ed. 192o). Ward died on March 4, 1925.
Sorley and G. F. Stout, with memoir by 0. W. Campbell (1927) ; numerous articles in the Journal of Physiology, in Mind, and in The British Journal of Psychology.