Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro

Editions.—The editions of Virgil are innumerable ; Heyne (1767– T800), Forbiger (1872-75) and Ribbeck (1859-66) in Germany, Benoist (1876) in France, and Conington (completed by Nettleship, and edited by Haverfield, 1898, etc.) in England, are perhaps the most important. Good school editions in English have been produced by Page, Sidgwick and Papillon. Conington's work, however, is without question the best in English.

Translations.—Famous English translations have been made by Dryden and by a host of others since his day. Since the middle of the 19th century the most important are Conington (Aeneid in verse, whole works in prose) ; J. W. Mackail (Aeneid and Georgics in prose) ; William Morris (Aeneid in verse) ; Lord Justice Bowen (Eclogues and Aeneid, i.–vi. in verse) ; Canon Thornhill (verse) ; C. J. Billson (verse, 1906) ; J. Rhoades (verse, new ed., 1907). For essays on translating Virgil, see Conington, Miscellaneous Works, vol. i. ; R. Y. Tyrrell, Latin Poetry (appendix).

AUTHORITIES.-For

full bibliographies of Virgil consult Schanz, Gesch. der Romischen Literatur (1899) (in Iwan von Milller's series, Handbuch der Klassischen Altertums-Wissenschaft), and Teuffel, History of Roman Literature, edited by L. Schwabe and tr. by G. C. W. Warr (1900). On the life of Virgil: Nettleship's Ancient Lives of Vergil (1879) discusses the authorities, printing one of the lives, which he shows to be by Suetonius. On the Eclogues: Glaser, V. als Naturdichter u. Theist (188o) ; Cattault, Etude sur les Bucoliques de V. (1897). On the Georgics: Morsch, De Graecis in Georgicis a V. expressis (1878) ; Norden, "V.-studien" (in Hermes, vol. 28, 1893) (Norden has little patience with "aesthetic criticism"). On the Aeneid: Schwegler, ROm. Gesch. vol. i. (1853) ; Cauer, De fabulis Graecis ad Roman conditam pertinentibus; Hild, La Legende d'Enee avant V. (1883) ; Forstemann, Zur Gesch. des Aeneasmythus; H. de la Ville de Mirmont, Apollonios de Rhodes et Virgile (1894) (rather too long) ; Pliiss, V. u. die epische Kunst (1884) ; Georgii, Die politische Tendenz

der Aen. (188o) ; Boissier, Nouvelles promenades archeologiques (1886) (trans. under title The Country of Horace and Virgil, by D. Havelock Fisher, 1895) ; Gibbon, Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Aeneid (1770) ; Boissier, La Religion romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins (1884) (with section on sixth Aeneid) ; Ettig, Acheruntica (Leipziger Studien, 1891) ; Norden, "V.-studien" (in Hermes, vol. 28, 1893), on sixth Aencid, and papers in Neue Jahrbiicher fur kl. Altertum (19oi) ; Dieterich, Nekyia (1893) (on Apocalypse of Peter and ancient teaching on the other life—a valuable book) ; Henry, Aeneidea (1873-79) (a book of very great learning, wit, sense and literary judgment; the author, an Irish physician, gave twenty years to it, examining MSS., exploring Virgil's country, and reading every author whom Virgil could have used and nearly every ancient writer who used Virgil).

Virgil-literature: Sainte-Beuve, Etude sur Virgile (one of the great books on Virgil) ; Comparetti, Virgilio nel medio Evo (1872)— Eng. tr., Vergil in the Middle Ages, by E. F. M. Benecke (1895) (a book of very great and varied interest) ; Heinze, Virgil's epische Technik (1902) ; W. Y. Sellar, Roman Poets of the Augustan Age: Virgil (2nd ed. 1883) ; Glover, Studies in Virgil (1904). Essays in the following: F. W. H. Myers, Essays [Classical] (1883), the most famous English essay on Virgil; J. R. Green, Stray Studies (1876) (an excellent study of Aeneas) ; W. Warde Fowler, A Year with the Birds (on Virgil's bird-lore) ; Nettleship, Essays in Latin Literature (1884) ; Tyrrell, Latin Poetry (1898) ; Patin, Essais sur la poesie Latine (4th ed. 1900) (one of the finest critics of Latin literature) ; Goumy, Les Latins (1892) (a volume of very bright essays) ; J. W. Mackail, Latin Literature (3rd ed. 1899) ; H. W. Garrod, Vergil (1912) ; T. Frank, Vergil. A biography (1922) ; J. W. Mackail, Virgil and his meaning to the world of to-day (1923).