To the west Senators' street is continued by Electors' street, where is the very elegant church (1849) of St. Charles Bor romeo, and the Chlodna Street leading to the suburb of Wola, with a large field where the kings of Poland used to be elected. In Leszno street, which branches off from Senators' street, are the Zelazna Brama, or Iron Gate; in the market-place the bazaar, the arsenal and the Wielopolski barracks.
To the north of Sigismund square is the old town—Stare Miasto—the Jewish quarter, and farther north still the citadel. The old town very much recalls old Germany by its narrow streets and antique buildings, the cathedral of St. John, the most ancient church in Warsaw, having been built in the 13th century and re stored in the 17th. The citadel, erected in 1832-1835 as a punish ment for the insurrection of 1831, is of an antiquated type.
The suburb of Praga, on the right bank of the Vistula, is poorly built and often flooded; but the bloody assaults which led to its capture in 1794 by the Russians under Suvorov, and in 1831 by Paskevich, give it a name in history.
In the outskirts of Warsaw are various more or less noteworthy villas, palaces and battlefields. Willanow, the palace of John Sobieski, afterwards belonging to Count X. Branicki, was partly built in 1678-1694 by Turkish prisoners in a fine Italian style, and is now renowned for its historical relics, portraits and pictures. It is situated to the south of Warsaw, together with the pretty pilgrimage church of Czerniakow, built by Prince Stanislaw Lubo mirski in 1691, and many other fine villas (Morysinek, Natolin, Krolikarnia, which also has a picture gallery, Wierzbno and Mokotow). Marymont, an old country residence of the wife of
John Sobieski, and the Kaskada, much visited by the inhabitants of Warsaw, in the north, the Saska Kempa on the right bank of the Vistula, and the castle of Jablona down the Vistula are among others that deserve mention. The castle and forest of Bielany (44 m. N.), on the bank of the Vistula, are a popular holiday resort in the spring.
Among the battlefields in the neighbourhood is that of Gro chow where the Polish troops were defeated in 1831, and Wawer in the same quarter (E. of Praga), where Prince Joseph Ponia towski defeated the Austrians in the war of 1809; at Maciejowice, 5o m. up the Vistula, Kosciuszko was wounded and taken by the Russians in 1794; and the whole east bank of the Vistula was the scene of the great Polish victory over the Soviet armies in 1920. Warsaw is connected by six trunk lines with Vienna, Kiev and south-western Russia, Moscow, Leningrad, Danzig and Berlin. The steel industry has developed and the manufac tures of plated silver, carriages, boots and shoes (annual turn over L8,457.000), millinery, hosiery, gloves, tobacco, sugar and house decorations are of importance, chiefly owing to the skill of the workers. The city has a trade in corn, leather and coal. The deportations of Warsaw artisans checked industrial progress. The population, nevertheless, grew rapidly from 161,008 in 186o, 276,00o in 1872 and 436,750 in 1887 to 756,426 in 1901; its growth since the war state has been remarkable. Warsaw is the seat of a Roman Catholic Archbishopric and of the Orthodox Metropolitan.