WOOLLEY, MARY EMMA (1863– ), American edu cationist was born at South Norwalk (Conn.), on July 13, 1863. She was instructor at Wheaton college, Norton (Mass.), 1886 91, before going to Brown university, where she graduated in 1894. She was a teacher of biblical history in Wellesley college, 1895-98, becoming in the latter year professor and head of the department of biblical history and literature. She was appointed president of Mount Holyoke college in 190o and became one of the most influential women educationists in the United States. WOOLLY APPLE APHIS, an American aphid (Eriosoma lanigera), sometimes called the woolly root-louse of the apple. Although of American origin, this insect has become a cosmopoli tan pest of the apple and pear. Making its appearance in England toward the close of the 18th century, it became known as the American blight ; and either from England or from America it has been carried to many different parts of the world, probably on nursery stock. It is likely to have been an indigenous pest of Crataegus and to have established at a very early date an alternate food plant in the American elm.
In the northern part of the United States and in general throughout its whole northern range, the insect lives almost en tirely upon the roots of its host plants, causing swellings and other deformations and interfering seriously with the sap flow. In the southern part of its range it lives for the most part above ground, preferably upon suckers from the trunks but also upon normal twigs and even upon leaves. In south England and most parts of Europe, the aerial form predominates. This form is con centrated upon the tender growth and is conspicuous, the colonies appearing as whitish cottony masses beneath which are the reddish insects themselves. The winter eggs are laid in crevices of the bark on elm and occasionally on apple, and hatch in the spring. They develop parthenogenetically, winged forms appearing occa sionally, by means of which the insect spreads. In the United States, the fourth generation is winged and migrates from elm to apple. There are usually seven generations each summer.
At present the insect is known in nearly all the European coun tries, in a number of South American countries, and also in Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It has many natural enemies among the insects, just as all plant lice have, and it has one specific para site—Aphelinus mali—which since 1920 has been carried from America to many countries and has been acclimatized in France, Italy, Uruguay, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
(L. O. H.) WOOLMAN, JOHN ( , I 720-1 772), American Quaker preach er, was born in Northampton township, Burlington county (N.J.),
Oct. 19, 1720, the son, according to himself, "of religious parents," for whom "he wrought on the plantation." Although he chronicles some small faults in his youth, the majority of his life was one of the most unaffected piety, humility, and devotion to the cause of mankind. In 1772 he sailed for London to visit Friends in the north of England, especially Yorkshire, and died in York of small pox, Oct. 7. He spoke and wrote against slavery, refused to draw up wills transferring slaves, induced many of the Friends to set their negroes free, and during the yearly meeting in 576o at New port (R.I.), urged the submission to the legislature of a petition he had prepared forbidding the slave trade. In 1763, in spite of the dangers, he "felt inward drawings" to preach to the Indians at Wehaloosing (now Wyalusing), on the Susquehanna. For the fate of the red man his heart yearned, as it did for the negro and the poor white. He was particularly concerned about the sale of rum to the Indians, and about the loss of their lands through the supe rior cunning and force of civilized man. Nevertheless remember ing "that the people on the frontiers, among whom this evil is too common, are often poor," he was "renewedly confirmed in a belief that, if all our inhabitants lived according to sound wisdom, labour ing to promote universal love and righteousness, and ceased from every inordinate desire after wealth, and from all customs which are tinctured with luxury, the way would be easy to live comfort ably on honest employments," without temptation to unjust deal ing.
Woolman's writings include Some Considerations on the Keep ing of Negroes part ii., 1862) ; Considerations on Pure Wisdom and Human Policy, on Labour, on Schools, on the Right Use of the Lord's Outward Gifts ( 758) ; Considerations on the True Harmony of Mankind, and How it is to be Maintained (1770) ; A Word of Remembrance and Caution to the Rich (1793); and the most important of his works, the Journal which was begun in his 36th year and was continued until the year of his death.
The works of John Woolman appeared in two parts in 1774 and have been frequently reprinted. The best-known edition of the Jour nal is that prepared, with an introduction, by John G. Whittier in 1871 ; it was translated into French and German ; and it is in Every man's Library. The most recent and scholarly edition is The Journal and Essays of John Woolman, edited from the original manuscripts with a biographical introduction by Amelia M. Gummere (1922). See also W. T. Shore, John Woolman: His Life and Our Times (1913).