CONCORDANCE, literally agreement, harmony; hence de rivatively a citation of parallel passages, and specifically an alpha betical arrangement of the words contained in a book with cita tions of the passages in which they occur. Concordances in this last sense were first made for the Bible. Originally the word was only used in this connection in the plural concordantiae, each group of parallel passages being properly a concordantia.
The original impetus to the making of concordances was due to the conviction that the several parts of the Bible are consistent with each other, as parts of a divine revelation. To Anthony of Padua (1195-1231) tradition ascribes the first concordance, the anonymous Concordantiae Morales, of which the basis was the Vulgate. The first authentic work was due to Cardinal Hugh of St. Cher, a Dominican monk (d. 1263), who, in preparing for a commentary on the Scriptures, found the need of a concordance. It became the basis of one by Conrad of Halberstadt (c. 12go) and of another by John of Segovia in the next century. The first Hebrew concordance was compiled in by Rabbi Isaac Nathan b. Kalonymus of Arles (printed at Venice in 1523 by Daniel Bomberg, in Basel in and 1581). It was pub lished under the title Meir Natib, "The Light of the Way," and in 1556 was translated into Latin by Johann Reuchlin. Its errors were corrected by Marius de Calasio, a Franciscan friar, who published a four-volume folio Concordantiae Sacr. Bibl. Hebr. et Latin, at Rome, 1621, much enlarged, with proper names included. Another concordance based on Nathan's was Johann Buxtorf the elder's Concordantiae Bibl. Ebraicae nova et artificiosa methodo dispositae, Basel, 1632. Calasio's concordance was republished in London under the direction of William Romaine in in four volumes, folio. In 1754 Dr. John Taylor, a Presbyterian divine in Norwich, published in two volumes the Hebrew Con cordance adapted to the English Bible. In the middle of the 19th century Dr. Julius Furst issued a thoroughly revised edition of Buxtorf's concordance. The Hebrdischen and chaldaischen Con cordanz zu den Heiligen Schriften Alten Testaments (Leipzig, 184o) carried forward the development of the concordance in several directions. It gave (1) a corrected text founded on Hahn's Vanderhoogt's Bible; (2) the Rabbinical meanings; (3) explana tions in Latin, and illustrations from the three Greek versions, the Aramaic paraphrase, and the Vulgate; (4) the Greek words employed by the Septuagint as renderings of the Hebrew ; (5 ) notes on philology and archaeology, so that the concordance con tained a Hebrew lexicon. An English translation by Dr. Samuel Davidson was published in 1867. A revised edition of Buxtorf's work with additions from Fiirst's was published by B. Bar (Stettin, 1862). A new concordance embodying the matter of all previous works with lists of proper names and particles was published by Solomon Mandelkern in Leipzig (1896 ; smaller edition, 'goo) . There are also concordances of biblical proper names by G. Brecher (Frankfort-on-Main, 18 7 6) and Schusslovicz ('Vilna, 1878).
A Concordance to the Septuagint, published at Frankfort in 1602 by Conrad Kircher of Augsburg, gave the Hebrew words in alphabetical order and the Greek words by which they are trans lated under them. A Septuagint concordance, giving the Greek words in alphabetical order, was published in 1718 in two volumes by Abraham Tromm, a learned minister at Groningen, then in the eighty-fourth year of his age. It gives the Greek words in alphabetical order; a Latin translation; the Hebrew word or words for which the Greek term is used by the Septuagint ; then the places where the words occur in the order of the books and chap ters; at the end of the quotations from the Septuagint places are given where the word occurs in Aquila, Symmachus and Theodo tion, the other Greek translations of the Old Testament; and the words of the Apocrypha follow in each case. Besides an index to the Hebrew and Chaldaic words there is another index which con tains a lexicon to the Hexapla of Origen. In 1887 (London) ap peared the Handy Concordance of the Septuagint giving various readings from Codices V aticanus, Alexandrinus, Sinaiticus and Ephraemi, with an appendix of words from Origen's Hexapla, not found in the above manuscripts, by G.M., without quotations. A work of the best modern scholarship was brought out in 1897 by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, entitled A Concordance to the Septuagint and the other Greek versions of the Old Testament including the Apocryphal Books, by Edwin Hatch and H. A. Red path, assisted by other scholars; this was completed in 190o by a list of proper names.
The first Greek concordance to the New Testament was pub lished at Basel in 1546 by the Lutheran Sixt Birck or Xystus Betuleius (1500-54) . This was followed by Stephen's concor dance (1 S94) planned by Robert Stephens and published by Henry, his son. Then in 1638 came the ra,ute ov of Erasmus Schmied or Schmid, which has been the basis of subsequent con cordances to the New Testament. Revised editions of it were published at Gotha in 1717, and at Glasgow in 1819. In the middle of the i9th century Bruder brought out a beautiful edition (Tauchnitz) collating the readings of Erasmus, R. Stephens' third edition, the Elzevirs, and others, and presenting a selection from ancient patristic mss. and various interpreters. Bruder was edited, with readings of S. P. Tregelles, in 1888, by Westcott and Hort. The Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament, and the Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance are in tended to put the results of the above-mentioned works at the service of those who know little Hebrew or Greek. They are the work of George V. Wigram assisted by W. Burgh and superin tended by Tregelles, B. Davidson and W. Chalk (1843; 2nd ed. 186o). Mention should also be made of A Concordance to the Greek Testament with the English version to each word; the prin cipal Hebrew roots corresponding to the Greek words of the Septuagint, with short critical notes and an index, by John Wil liams, LL.D., London (1767).
In 1884 Robert Young brought out a Concordance to the Greek New Testament with a dictionary of Bible Words and Synonyms: this contains a concise concordance to eight thousand changes made in the Revised Testament. Another important work of modern scholarship is the Concordance to the Greek Testament, edited by the Rev. W. F. Moulton and A. E. Geden, according to the texts adopted by Westcott and Hort, Tischendorf, and the English revisers.
The first concordance to the English version of the New Testa ment was published in London, by Thomas Gybson. It is a black-letter volume entitled The Concordance of the New Testa ment most necessary to be had in the hands of all soche as delyte in the communication of any place contayned in ye New Testa ment. The first English concordance of the entire Bible was John Marbeck's, A Concordance, that is to saie, a worke wherein by the order of the letters of the A.B.C. ye maie redely find any worde conteigned in the whole Bible, so often as it is there expressed or mentioned, Lond. 155o. Although Robert Stephens had divided the Bible into verses in 1545, Marbeck does not seem to have known this and refers to the chapters only. In 15 5o also appeared Walter Lynne's translation of the concordance issued by Bullinger, Jude, Pellican and others of the Reformers. Other English con cordances were published by Cotton, Newman, and in abbreviated forms by John Downham or Downame (ed. 1652), Vavasor Pow ell (1617-7o), Jackson and Samuel Clarke (1626-1701). In 1737 Alexander Cruden (q.v.) published his Concplete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of tile Old and New Testament, to which is added a concordance to the books called Apocrypha, superseding all its predecessors. Three editions were published during Cru den's life, and many since his death. Later concordances only supersede his notably accurate work by combining an English with a Greek and Hebrew concordance (a) the Critical Greek and English Concordance, by C. F. Hudson, H. A. Hastings and Ezra Abbot, Boston (Mass.), and (b) the Critical Lexicon and Con cordance to the English and Greek New Testament, by E. L. Bul linger, 1892. James Gall's Interpreting Concordance to the New Testament, shows the Greek original of every word, with a glos sary explaining the Greek words of the New Testament with their varied renderings in the Authorized Version. The most convenient is (c) Young's Analytical Concordance (Edinburgh, 1879), giv ing (1) the original Hebrew or Greek of any word in the English Bible; (2) the literal and primitive meaning of every such orig inal word; (3) thoroughly reliable parallel passages. There is a Students' Concordance to the Revised Version of the New Testa ment showing the changes embodied in the revision, published under licence of the universities; and a concordance to the Re vised Version by J. A. Thoms for the Christian Knowledge So ciety. Biblical concordances having familiarized students with the value and use of such books for the systematic study of an author, the practice of making concordances has now become common. There are concordances to the works of Shakespeare, Browning, and many other writers. (D. M.)