Coral

CORAL. The hard skeletons of various marine organisms. It is chiefly carbonate of lime, and is secreted from sea-water and deposited in the tissues of Anthozoan polyps, the principal source of the coral-reefs of the world (see ANTHOZOA), of Hydroids (see HYDROZOA), much less important in modern reef-building, but extremely abundant in Palaeozoic times, and of certain Algae. The skeletons of many other organisms, such as Polyzoa and Mollusca, contribute to coral masses but cannot be included in the term "coral." The structure of coral animals (sometimes erro neously termed "coral insects") is dealt with in the articles cited above ; for the distribution and formation of reefs see CORAL REEFS.

Beyond their general utility and value as sources of lime, few of the corals present any special feature of industrial importance, excepting the red or precious coral (Coralliurn rubrum) of the Mediterranean Sea. It, however, is and has been from remote times very highly prized for jewellery, personal ornamentation and decorative purposes generally. About the beginning of the Christian era a great trade was carried on in coral between the Mediterranean and India, where it was highly esteemed as a sub stance endowed with mysterious sacred properties. It is remarked by Pliny that, previous to the existence of the Indian demand, the Gauls were in the habit of using it for the ornamentation of their weapons of war and helmets; but in his day, so great was the Eastern demand, that it was very rarely seen even in the re gions which produced it. Among the Romans branches of coral were hung around children's necks to preserve them from danger, and the substance had many medicinal virtues attributed to it. A belief in its potency as a charm continued to be entertained throughout mediaeval times; and even to the present day in Italy it is worn as a preservative from the evil eye, and by females as a cure for sterility.

The precious coral is found widespread on the borders and around the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. It ranges in depth from shallow water (25 to 5oft.) to water over r ,000f t., but the most abundant beds are in the shallower areas. The most import ant fisheries extend along the coasts of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco; but red coral is also obtained in the vicinity of Naples, near Leghorn and Genoa, and on the coasts of Sardinia, Corsica, Catalonia and Provence. It occurs also in the Atlantic off the north-west of Africa, and recently it has been dredged in deep water off the west of Ireland. Allied species of small commercial value have been obtained off Mauritius and near Japan. The black coral (Antipathes abies), formerly abundant in the Persian Gulf, and for which India is the chief market, has a wide distribution and grows to a considerable height and thickness in the tropical waters of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia.

Coral Fisheries.

From the middle ages downwards the secur ing of the right to the coral fisheries on the African coasts was an object of considerable rivalry among the Mediterranean communi ties of Europe. Previous to the 16th century they were controlled by the Italian republics. For a short period the Tunisian fisheries were secured by Charles V. to Spain ; but the monopoly soon fell into the hands of the French, who held the right till the Revolu tionary Government in 1793 threw the trade open. For a short period (about i8o6) the British Government controlled the fish eries, and now they are again in the hands of the French author ities. Previous to the French Revolution much of the coral trade centred in Marseilles; but since that period, both the procuring of the raw material and the working of it up into the various forms in which it is used have become peculiarly Italian industries, cen tring largely in Naples, Rome and Genoa. On the Algerian coast, however, boats not flying the French flag have to pay heavy dues for the right to fish, and in the early years of the loth century the once flourishing fisheries at La Calle were almost entirely neg lected. Two classes of boats engage in the pursuit—a large size of from 12 to 14 tons, manned by ten or twelve hands, and a small size of three or four tons, with a crew of five or six. The large boats, dredging from March to October, collect from 65o to 85o lb. of coral, and the small, working throughout the year, collect from 3 go to Soo lb. The Algerian reefs are divided into ten por tions, of which only one is fished annually—ten years being con sidered sufficient for the proper growth of the coral.

The range of value of the various qualities of coral, according to colour and size, is exceedingly wide, and notwithstanding the steady Oriental demand its price is considerably affected by the fluctuations of fashion. In China large spheres of good coloured coral command high prices, being in great requisition for the button of office worn by the mandarins. It also finds a ready market throughout India and in Central Asia ; and with the negroes of Central Africa and of America it is a favourite orna mental substance.