DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, an American institution of higher education for men, in Hanover, New Hampshire. It is Congregational by origin but actually non-sectarian. Dartmouth embraces the original college, incorporated in 1769, a medical school, dating from 1798; the Thayer School of Civil Engineer ing, established in 1867 by the bequest of General Sylvanus Thayer; and the Amos Tuck School of Administration and Fi nance, established in 1 goo by Edward Tuck—the first, and until the establishment at Harvard of a similar graduate school, the only commercial school in the country whose work is largely post graduate. The Chandler School of Sciences and the Arts was founded by Abiel Chandler in 1851 in connection with Dartmouth and incorporated in the collegiate department in 1893 as the Chandler scientific course in the college. From 1866 to the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, now at Durham, was connected with Dartmouth. The medi cal school granted the degree of M. D. until 1914, when the last two clinical years were discontinued. The Thayer school and the Tuck school maintain each a two years' course, the first year of which may, under certain conditions, be counted as the senior year of the undergraduate college.
The college has a beautiful campus; 15 instruction halls; 22 residence halls, with accommodation for 1,65o students; a large gymnasium, built in 1911 by alumni, with the Spaulding swimming pool (1919), the Davis field house (1927) and the Davis Hockey Rink (1929) attached, and large athletic fields; an audi torium, Webster hall (19o1) ; College hall (19o1), a social head quarters; Rollins chapel (1885) ; an astronomical and meteorologi cal observatory (Shattuck observatory, 1854). The Fisher Ames Baker Memorial Library (completed 1928) replaces Wilson hall (1885) and contains 420,00o volumes. This library, the gift of George F. Baker, cost $I,000,000. With it are associated the Carpenter Fine Arts Building (1929) and the Sanborn English House (1929). The physical laboratory is housed in Wilder hall (1899) . Instruction in chemistry is given in the Steele Chemistry Laboratory (1921), the natural sciences in Silsby hall (1928) where geological and ethnological collections are also maintained, while botany is taught in the Clement greenhouse (1928). Parkhurst hall (I 91 I) contains the administrative offices, and Robinson hall (1914) is the home of all college organizations other than athletic. The Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital (1893) is associated with the Medical School, and Dick Hall's house (1927), adjoining the hospital, is a completely equipped infirmary for 5o students. 'The college owns the Hanover Inn with accommodation for 15o guests and main tains single or apartment houses for So faculty families. A new upper-class dining hall, seating some Soo students, was completed in Dartmouth is the outgrowth of Moor's Indian Charity School, founded by Eleazar Wheelock (1711-79) about 175o at Lebanon, Connecticut. This school was named in 1755 in honour of Joshua Moor, who in this year gave to it lands and buildings. In 1765 Samson Occom (c. 1723-92), an Indian preacher and former stu dent of the school, visited England and Scotland in its behalf and raised .f Io,000, whereupon plans were made for enlargement and for a change of site to Hanover. In 1769 the school was in corporated by a charter granted by George III. as Dartmouth College, being named after the earl of Dartmouth, president of the trustees of the funds raised in Great Britain. The first col lege building, Dartmouth hall, was built between 1784 and 1791. This building was twice destroyed by fire, in 1904 and 1935, and reproduced in its original external form, the second time with fireproof materials. During the War of Independence the sup port from Great Britain was mostly withdrawn. In 1815 Presi dent John Wheelock (1754-1817 ), who succeeded his father in 1779, and was a Presbyterian and a Republican, was removed by the majority of the board of trustees, who were Congregationalists and Federalists, and Francis Brown was chosen in his place. Whee lock, upon his appeal to the legislature, was reinstated at the head of a new corporation, called Dartmouth University. The State courts upheld the legislature and the "university," but in 1819 after a famous argument of Daniel Webster (q.v.) in behalf of the "college" board of trustees as against the "university" board before the U. S. Supreme Court, that body decided that the private trust created by the charter of 1769 was inviolable, and Dr. Francis Brown and the old "college" board took possession of the institution's property. At the Webster centennial, cele brated in 1901, it was stated that the Dartmouth College Case had at that time been cited in judicial opinions more frequently than any other in the American reports—about 97o times.
The annals of the college have been tranquil with the excep tion of the disturbed years of the "university" controversy. During the Civil War Dartmouth College contributed 652 alumni and undergraduates to the Union armies. In the World War graduates, undergraduates and faculty served in the military forces of the United States. Those dying in active service num bered 112. During most of the 19th century there was little variation in the numbers attending the college. With the admin istration of President William Jewett Tucker (1893-1909), how ever, a great expansion of equipment, endowment and enrolment took place which has continued during the present administration of Ernest Martin Hopkins, the th president. The enrolment increased from 256 students and 19 members of the faculty in 1890 to 2,400 students and more than 25o members of the faculty in 1936. In 1890 91% of the students came from New England. The constituency of the college gradually changed, until in 1936 less than 4o% of the men came from homes within those States. The productive investment assets of the college also increased from approximately $1,000,000 in 1890 to $17,000,000 in 1936. The tuition cost in 1937 will be $45o a year; provi sion is made through scholarships for assisting deserving students unable to pay this sum. The government is entrusted to a board of 12 trustees, five of whom are elected upon the nomination of the alumni. Applicants for the entering class are selected on a basis of character, scholarship and general promise of profit ing by a college course. Out of more than 2,000 applicants who apply each year, an entering class of approximately 65o is selected.
During President Hopkins' administration several important features were introduced. A personnel department for advice on the curriculum and later occupation was organized. Outdoor recreation was made compulsory in the two lower classes. Ex perts in psychiatry and in nutrition were added to the college staff. In June 1925 certain major changes were made in the liberal arts curriculum providing inter alia for special treat ment for students of higher grade and for the granting of but one degree, Bachelor of Arts. In 1929 senior fellowships were introduced, and more recently complete medical and surgical care without charge was adopted, and the curriculum was revised so as to insure greater study of modern social problems. One of the interesting influences of the college is promoted by the Dart mouth Outing Club, which maintains a chain of 23 cabins and shelters between Hanover and the White mountains and promotes winter sports.
See Frederick Chase, A History of Dartmouth College and the Town of Hanover (Cambridge, 1891) ; John K. Lord, History of Dartmouth College 1815-19og (Concord, 1913) ; Leon B. Richardson, History of Dartmouth College (Hanover, 1932) ; Wilder D. Quint, The Story of Dartmouth (Boston, 1916) ; The Proceedings of the Webster Centen nial of Dartmouth College (19oi); i5o Years of Dartmouth College 0919). For the Dartmouth College Case see Timothy Farrar, Report of the Case of the Trustees of Dartmouth College against William H. Woodward (Portsmouth, 1819) ; Shirley, The Dartmouth College Causes (St. Louis, Mo., 1879) ; Kent, Commentaries on American Law (vol. i., Boston, 1884)• (E. F. C.)