Einhard

EINHARD (c. 770-84o), the friend and biographer of Charle magne. He is also called Einhartus, Ainhardus or Heinhardus, in early manuscripts, and in loth century mss. Agenardus, Egin hardus, or Eginhartus.

According to the statement of Walafrid Strabo, Einhard was born of a noble family in the Main valley. His birth has been fixed at about 77o. He was educated in the monastery of Fulda, where he was certainly residing in 788 and in 791. He was trans ferred, not later than 796, from Fulda to the palace of Charle magne by abbot Baugulf, and soon rose in the emperor's service. He was one of the palace scholars, and was entrusted with the charge of the public buildings, receiving the name of Bezaleel (Ex odus xxxi. 2 and xxxv. 3o-35) owing to his artistic skill. He also supervised the erection of the palace buildings at Aix, and in 8o6 was sent by Charlemagne on a mission to Rome. When Louis became sole emperor in 814 he retained his father's minister, made him tutor to his son, Lothair, afterwards the emperor Lothair I., and showed him many other marks of favour. Einhard married Emma, or Imma, a sister of Bernharius, bishop of Worms, and a tradition of the i 2th century represented this lady as a daughter of Charlemagne, inventing a romantic story for which there is no foundation. In 815 Louis I. bestowed on Einhard and his wife the domains of Michelstadt and Mulinheim in the Oden wald, and in a document of the same year, he is referred to as abbot. After this time he is mentioned as head of several monas teries. In 818 he had given his estate at Michelstadt to the abbey of Lorsch, but he retained Mulinheim, where c. 827 he founded an abbey and erected a church, where he deposited some relics of St. Peter and St. Marcellinus, which he had procured from Rome. To Mulinheim, afterwards called Seligenstadt, he finally retired in 83o. He died on March 14, 84o, his epitaph being written by Hrabanus Maurus. Einhard was a man of very short stature, a feature on which Alcuin wrote an epigram. He was on intimate terms with Alcuin, was well versed in Latin literature, and knew some Greek.

His most famous work is his Vita Karoli Magni, to which a prologue was added by Walafrid Strabo. Written in imitation of the De vitis Caesarum of Suetonius, this is the best contemporary account of the life of Charlemagne, being written by one who was intimate with the emperor and his court. It is an admirably simple and direct narrative ; its only fault is that it is too brief. It was written before 821, and was first printed at Cologne in 152r. Other works by Einhard are: Epistolae, important for the history of the times : Historia translations beatorum Christi mar tyrum Marcellini et Petri, which gives a curious account of how the bones of these martyrs were stolen and conveyed to Seligen stadt, and what miracles they wrought; and De adoranda cruce. It has been asserted that Einhard was the author of some of the Frankish annals, and especially of part of the annals of Lorsch (Annales Laurissenses majores), and part of the annals of Fulda (Annales Fuldenses) .

Editions of his works are

by A. Teulet, Einhardi omnia quae extant opera (Paris, 184o-43) , with a French translation; P. Jaffe, in the Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, Band iv. (Berlin, 1867) ; G. H. Pertz in the Monumenta Germanzae historica (Hanover, 1826 seq.), and J. P. Migne in the Patrologia Latina, tomes 97 and io4 (Paris, 1866) . The De adoranda cruce was first published by E. Dummler in the Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft fiir altere deutsche Geschichtskunde, Band xi. (Hanover, 1886) . There are Eng. translations of the Life of Charlemagne by A. J. Grant in the King's Classics Series (19o5) and by H. W. Garrod (1915), of the Letters by H. Prebel 1913, and of the Hist. of the Translation of ... Marcellinus and Peter by B. Wendell (1926). See A. Potthast, Bibliotheca historica (Berlin, 1896), W. Wat tenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen, Band i. (Berlin, 1904) and M. Buchner, Einhards Kiinstter- and Gelehrtenleben (Bonn, 1922) . EINHORN, DAVID (1809-1879), leader of the Jewish re form movement in the United States of America, was born in Bavaria. He was a supporter of the principles of Abraham Geiger (q.v.), and while still in Germany advocated the introduction of prayers in the vernacular, the exclusion of nationalistic hopes from the synagogue service, and other ritual modifications. In 1855 he migrated to America, where he became the acknowledged leader of reform, and laid the foundation of the regime under which the mass of American Jews (excepting the newly arrived Russians) now worship. In 1858 he published his revised prayer book, which has formed the model for all subsequent revisions. In 1861 he strongly supported the anti-slavery party, and was forced to leave Baltimore where he then ministered. He continued his work first in Philadelphia and later in New York. (I. A.)