EMIN PASHA (EDUARD SCHNITZER) (184o-1892), Ger man traveller, was born at Oppeln, Silesia, on March 28, 184o. He graduated M.D. at Berlin, and in 1865 became quarantine medical officer under the Turkish Government at Antivari. From 1870 to 1874 he was in the service of the governor of northern Albania, and adopted a Turkish name. In 1875 he went to Cairo, and next year was invited by Gen. Gordon to join him at Lado on the Upper Nile as medical officer. Gordon sent Schnitzer, now known as Emin Effendi, on missions to Uganda and Unyoro, and in 1878 Emin became governor of the equatorial province of the Sudan, a position which he retained after Gordon's departure. After the abandonment of the Sudan by the Egyptian Govern ment in 1884 Emin Pasha (as he was now styled) was obliged to surrender various posts before the Mandist advance, and eventually found himself isolated at Wadelai, whither he had re moved his capital. There he was relieved by Stanley in April 1888. He does not seem to have welcomed the idea of leaving the province, but eventually he decided to leave with Stanley for the coast.
The German Government now asked him to undertake a new expedition in equatorial Africa with a commission "to secure on behalf of Germany the territories situated south of and along Victoria Nyanza up to Albert Nyanza." But soon after Emin's expedition started the Anglo-German agreement delimitating the British and German spheres of influence and excluding the Albert Nyanza from the German sphere was signed (July 1, 189o), and the political object of Emin's mission was thereby modified. Emin had difficulties with the German authorities in Tanganyika, epidemics among his force and he himself fell ill. In May 1891 he crossed into the Congo Free State; in December he sent the greater part of his caravan, under Dr. Stuhlmann, to the coast, while he himself remained behind with the sick. He encountered the hostility of the Arab traders in slaves and ivory, and was murdered at the instigation of one of these on Oct. 23 or 24, 1892, at Kinena, a place 8om. E.S.E. of Stanley Falls.
See Emin Pasha in Central Africa (1888) , a collection of Emin's papers contributed to scientific journals; Major G. Casati (1838 19o2) , an Italian officer who spent several years with Emin, and accompanied him and Stanley to the coast, narrated his experiences in Dieci anni in Equatoria (Eng. ed., Ten Years in Equatoria and the Return with Emin Pasha, 1891) ; F. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von A f rika (1894) ; G. Schweitzer, Emin Pasha, his Life and Work, with introduction by R. W. Felkin (1898) ; A. Kettner, in Deutsch. Rundschau f iir Geog. 26 (1903), 13-17.