ENCYCLOPEDIE AND Later History of the Encyclopedie.-A new and enlarged edition of the Encyclopedie arranged as a system of separate dic tionaries, and entitled Encyclopedie methodique ou par ordre de matieres, was undertaken by Charles Joseph Panckoucke (1736 98), a publisher of Paris. His privilege was dated June 20, 1780. The articles belonging to different subjects would readily form dis tinct dictionaries, although, having been constructed for an al phabetical plan, they seemed unsuited for any system wholly methodical. Two copies of the book and its supplement were cut up into articles, which were sorted into subjects. The division adopted was: 1, mathematics; 2, physics; 3, medicine; 4, anat omy and physiology; 5, surgery; and so on through 26 subjects all forming distinct dictionaries entrusted to different editors. The first object of each editor was to exclude all articles belonging to other subjects, and to take care that there should be no omissions owing to doubts as to which editor should deal with certain words.
In some words (such as air, which belonged equally to chemistry, physics and medicine) the methodical arrangement has the un expected effect of breaking up the single article into several, widely separated. Each dictionary was to have an introduction and a classified table of the principal articles. History and its minor parts, as inscriptions, fables, medals, were to be included. Theol ogy, which was neither complete, exact nor orthodox, was to be by the abbe Bergier, confessor to Monsieur. The whole work was to be completed and connected together by a V ocabulaire Uni versel, I vol., with references to all the places where each word occurred, and a very exact history of the Encyclopedie and its editions of Panckoucke. The prospectus, issued early in 1782, proposed three editions-84 vols. 8vo, 43 vols. 4to, and 53 vols. 4to, each edition having 7 vols. 4to of 25o to 30o plates each. It was to be issued in livraisons of 2 vols. each, the first to appear in July 1782, and the whole to be finished in 1787. The number of subscribers, 4,072, was so great that the "special-terms" sub scription list was closed on April 3o. Twenty-five printing offices were employed, and in Nov. 1782 the 1st livraison was issued. A Spanish prospectus was sent out, and obtained 33o Spanish sub scribers, with the inquisitor-general at their head. The complaints of the subscribers and his own heavy advances induced Pan ckoucke, in Nov. 1788, to appeal to the authors to finish the work. Those en retard made new contracts, giving their word of honour to put their parts to press in 1788, and to continue them without interruption, so that Panckoucke hoped to finish the whole, includ ing the vocabulary (4 or 5 vols.), in 1792. Whole sciences, as architecture, engineering, hunting, police, games, etc., had been overlooked in the prospectus; a new division was made in 44 parts, to contain 51 dictionaries and about 124 volumes. Per mission was obtained on Feb. 27, 1789, to receive subscriptions for the separate dictionaries. Two thousand subscribers were lost by the Revolution. The Soth livraison appeared on July 23, 1792, when all except seven of the dictionaries eventually published had been begun. The publication was continued by Henri Agasse, Panckoucke's son-in-law, from 1794 to 1813, and then by Mme. Agasse, his widow, to 1832, when it was completed in 102 livrai sons or 337 parts, forming 1662 vols. of text, and 51 parts con taining 6,439 plates. Pharmacy, minerals, education, pouts et chaussees had been announced but were not published. The original parts have been so often subdivided or added to that an exact account cannot be given of the work, which contains 88 alphabets, with 83 indexes, and 166 introductions, discourses, etc. The largest dictionaries are medicine, 13 vols., 10,330 pages; zoology, 7 dictionaries, 13,645 pages, 1,206 plates; botany, 12,002 pages, i,000 plates. The whole is as unmanageable as Migne's Encyclopedie theologique (1844-75), 119,059 pages.
The "Conversations-Lexicon."-No work of reference has been more useful and successful, or more frequently copied, imi tated and translated, than that known as the Conversations-Lexikon of Brockhaus. It was begun as Conversations-Lexikon mit vorzidg licher Riicksicht auf die gegenwdrtigen Zeiten, Leipzig, 1796 to 1808, 6 vols., 2,762 pages, by Dr. Gotthelf Renatus Lobel (1767 99), who intended to supersede Hubner, and included geography, history, and some biography, besides mythology, philosophy, natural history, etc. Vols. i.-iv. (A to R) appeared 1796 to 1800, vol. v. in 1806. Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (q.v.) bought the work with its copyright in 1808, for 1,80o thalers from the printer, who seems to have got it in payment of his bill. The edi tor, Christian Wilhelm Franke, by contract dated Nov. 16, was to finish vol. vi. by Dec. 5, and the already projected supplement, 2 vols., by Michaelmas 1809, for 8 thalers a printed sheet. No pen alty was specified, but, says his grandson, Brockhaus was to learn that such contracts, whether under penalty or not, are not kept, for the supplement was finished only in 1811. Brockhaus issued a new impression as Conversations-Lexikon oder kurzge f asstes Handworterbuch, etc., 1809-1r, and on removing to Altenburg in 1811 began himself to edit the 2nd edition (1812-19, 10 vols.), and, when vol. iv. was published, the 3rd (1814-19). He carried on both editions together until 1817, when he removed to Leipzig, and began the 4th edition as Allgemeine deutsche Realencyclo pddie fir die gebildeten Stdnde : Conversations-Lexikon. This title was, in the 14th edition, changed to that of Brockhaus' Kon versations-Lexicon. The 5th edition was at once begun, and was finished in 18 months. Edition succeeded edition until the appear ance of the 14th (1901-03) in 16 vols. with a supplementary vol ume in 1904. The Konversations-Lexicon is intended, not for scien tific use, but to promote general mental improvement by giving the results of research and discovery in a simple and popular form without extended details. The articles, often too brief, are excel lent and trustworthy, especially on German subjects, give refer ences to the best books, and include biographies of living men. One of the best German encyclopaedias is that of Meyer, Neues Konversations-Lexicon. The first edition, in 37 vols., was pub lished in 1839-52. Later editions, following the arrangement of Brockhaus, are the 4th (1885-9o, 17 vols.), the 5th (1894-98, 18 vols.), the 6th (1902-04), and the 7th (1924-28).
The most copious German encyclopaedia is Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Enzyklopadie der Wissenschaften and Kiinste, Leipzig. It was designed and begun in 1813 by Prof. Johann Samuel Ersch to satisfy the wants of Germans, only in part supplied by foreign works. It was stopped by the Napoleonic war until 1816, when Prof. Hufeland joined, but he died in 1817 while the specimen part was at press. The editors of the different sections at various times have been some of the best-known men of learning in Germany, including J. G. Gruber, M. H. E. Meier, Hermann Brockhaus, W. Muller and A. G. Hoffmann of Jena. The work is divided into three sections (I) A-G, of which 99 vols. appeared up to 1890, (2) H-N, 43 vols., (3) O-Z, 25 vols. Another valuable German work of an encyclopaedic character is Handworterbuch der Staats wissenschaften, edited by J. Conrad, the last edition of which was published in 1923.
Among British encyclopaedias not previously mentioned, we may refer to Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia (1810-183o), and Wilks's Encyclopaedia Londinensis (1810-29). The Ency clopaedia Metropolitan (1845, 28 vols.) professed to give sci ences and systematic arts entire and in their natural sequence, as shown in the introductory treatise on method by S. T. Coleridge. "The plan was the proposal of the poet Coleridge, and it had at least enough of a poetical character to be eminently unpractical." However defective the plan, the excellence of many of the treatises by Archbishop Whately, Sir John Herschel, Prof. Barlow, Pea cock, de Morgan, etc., is undoubted. It is in four divisions, the last only being alphabetical:-I. Pure Sciences; II. Mixed and Applied Sciences; III. History and Biography; IV. Miscellaneous, including geography, a dictionary of English (the first form of Richardson's) and descriptive natural history. A re-issue in 38 vols. was announced in The very excellent and useful English Cyclopaedia (1854-62; supplements, 1869-?3), conducted by Charles Knight, based on the Penny Cyclopaedia (1833-46, 29 vols.), of which he had the copyright, is in four divisions, all alphabetical, and evidently very unequal as classes:-1, geography; 2, natural history; 3, biogra phy (with 703 lives of living persons) ; 4, arts and sciences.
Chambers's Encyclopaedia (186o-68, 10 vols.), edited in part by the publishers, but under the charge of Dr. Andrew Findlater as "acting editor" throughout, was founded on the loth edition of Brockhaus. A revised edition appeared in 1874. In the list of 126 contributors were J. H. Burton, Emmanuel Deutsch, Prof. Goldstwcker, etc. The articles were generally excellent, more es pecially on Jewish literature, folk-lore and practical science; but, as in Brockhaus, the scope of the work did not allow extended treatment. A further revision took place, and in 1888-92 an en tirely new edition was published, in 10 vols., still further new edi tions being issued in 1895, in 1901 and in 1923-27.
In the United States various encyclopaedias have been pub lished, but without rivaling there in reputation and volume of sales the Encyclopedia Britannica.
The New American Cyclopaedia (1858-63, 16 vols.) was the work of the editors, George Ripley and Charles Anderson Dana, and 364 contributors, chiefly American. A supplementary work, the American Annual Cyclopaedia, a yearly vol. of about Boo pages, was started in 1861, but ceased in 1902. A new edition of the American Cyclopaedia (1873-76, 16 vols.) was prepared by the same editors.
Other American encyclopaedias are Alvin J. Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia 4 vols.), a new edition of which (excellently planned) was published in 8 vols., 1893-95, under the name of Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia; the Encyclopaedia Americana, edited by Francis Lieber, which appeared in in 14 vols.; a new work under the same title, published in 1903 04 in 16 vols.; second edition (1906) in 20 vols.; third edition (191o) in 22 Vols.; a new and enlarged edition (1918) in 3o vols. (revised 1923), and a later edition (1927-28) in 3o vols. ; the International Cyclopaedia, partly based on Chambers's Encyclo paedia of 1868 and 1880, first appeared in 1884 (revised in 1891, 1894 and 1898). It was superseded in 1902 by the New Inter national Encyclopaedia in 17 vols.; second edition (1914-16) in 24 vols.; in 1925 two supplementary vols. appeared.
In Europe a great impetus was given to the compilation of en cyclopaedias by the appearance of Brockhaus' Konversations Lexicon (see above), which, as a begetter of these works, must rank, in the 19th century, with the Cyclopaedia of Ephraim Chambers in the 18th. The following, although in no sense an exhaustive list, may be here mentioned. In France, Le Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siecle, of Pierre Larousse (15 vols., 1866-76), with supplementary volumes in 1877, 1887 and 1890; the Nouveau Larousse illustre, dictionnaire universel en cyclopedique (7 vols., 1901-04), (this is in no way a re-issue or an abridgment of Le Grand Dictionnaire of Pierre Larousse) ; La Grande Encyclopedie, inventuire raisonne des sciences, des lettres, et des arts, in 31 vols. (1886-1903) . In Italy we have the Nuova Enciclopedia Italiana (14 vols., 1841-51, and in 25 vols., 88) ; and Senatore Giovanni Gentile has been appointed chief edi tor of the great post-War undertaking, the Enciclopedia Italiana Fondazione Treccani. In Spain, the Diccionario enciclopedico Hispano-Americano de litteratura, ciencias y artes was published at Barcelona (25 vols., 1877-99). The Russian encyclopaedia, Russki Entsiklopedicheski Slovar (41 vols., 1905, 2 supplementary vols., 1908) was begun in 1890 as a Russian version of Brock haus' Konversations-Lexicon, but became a monumental encyclo paedia to which all the best Russian men of science and letters contributed. A new Russian encyclopaedia Bolshaya Sovietskaya Entsiklopediya, under the general editorship of O. V. Schmidt, will, when complete, fill 3o volumes. In Italy the first volume of a new Enciclopedia Italiana (to be completed in 36 volumes) was issued in March 1929, with Giovanni Gentile, former minister of education, as editor-in-chief. Encyclopaedias have also appeared in the Polish, Hungarian, Bohemian and Rumanian languages. There have been re-issues of the Nordesk Conversations-Lexicon, first published in 1858-63, and of the Svenskt Conversations Lexicon, first published in 1845-51. Among post-War additions of encyclopaedias is The Illustrated Australian Encyclopaedia, occupying two volumes and edited by A. W. Jose and H. J. Carter (Sydney, 1925-26).
"ENDEAVOUR," THE, the ship in which Captain Cook made his famous voyages of discovery (1769-7o), for the purpose of observing the transit of Venus, and exploring the Southern Pacific. It was a small well-built craft of 37o tons carrying 22 guns, chosen and manned by Cook himself. After making certain astronomical observations on the island of Tahiti, the "Endeavour" progressed through the Pacific. On Oct. 6, 1789 the eastern coast of New Zealand was sighted, followed by the discovery of Aus tralia at a point now identified as Cape Everard.