ENGELS, FRIEDRICH (182o-1895), German socialist, the friend and collaborator of Karl Marx, was the son of a wealthy cotton-spinner, and was born on Sept. 28, 1820, at Barmen. Although destined by his father for a commercial career, he at tended a classical school, and during his apprenticeship and whilst undergoing in Berlin his one year's military service, he had given up part of his free hours to philosophical studies. In Berlin he had frequented the society of the "Freien," and had written letters to the Rheinische Zeitung. In 1842 he had gone to Eng land, his father's firm having a factory near Manchester, and had entered into connection with the Owenite and Chartist move ments, as well as with German communists. He contributed to Owen's New Moral World and to the Chartist Northern Star, gave up much of his abstract speculative reasoning for a more positivist conception of things, and took to economic studies. In September 1844, on a short stay in Paris, he visited Marx, and the two found that in regard to all theoretical points there was perfect agreement between them. From that visit dates the close friendship and uninterrupted collaboration and exchange of ideas which lasted during their lives, so that even some of Marx's subsequent works, which he published under his own name, are more or less also the work of Engels. He took part in the Baden revolutionary outbreak in 5848, and after its suppression fled to England. From 1850 to 1869 he worked in his father's business in Manchester, but in 1870 went to London to devote himself entirely to literary work. In 1864 he married Elizabeth Burns, an Irishwoman. He died in London on August 5, 1895. An account of his co-operation with Marx and an examination of his share in Marx's writings, with a list of his own works, is given s.v. MARX, KARL HEINRICH, on account of the difficulty of dissociating their joint shares.
See D. Riazanov, Marx and Engels (London, 1928) ; Gustav Meyer, Friedrich Engels, vol. i. (1920) .
R BON CONDE, Duc I)' (1772-1804), was the only son of Henri Louis Joseph, prince of Conde, and of Louise Marie Therese Mathilde, sister of the duke of Orleans (Philippe Egalite), and was born at Chantilly on Aug. 2, 1772. He was educated privately by the abbe Millot, and received a military training from the com modore de Virieux. In 1792, on the outbreak of war, he held a command in the force of émigrés (styled the "French royal army") which shared in the duke of Brunswick's unsuccessful invasion of France. On the dissolution of that force after the peace of Luneville (Feb. 1801) he married privately the princess Char lotte, niece of Cardinal de Rohan, and took up his residence at Ettenheim in Baden, near the Rhine. Early in the year 1804 Napoleon, then first consul of France, heard news which seemed to connect the young duke with the Cadoudal-Pichegru conspiracy then being tracked by the French police. The news ran that the duke was in company with Dumouriez and made secret journeys into France. This was false; the acquaintance was Thumery, a harmless old man, and the duke had no dealings with Cadoudal or Pichegru. Napoleon gave orders for the seizure of the duke. French mounted gendarmes crossed the Rhine secretly, surrounded his house and brought him to Strasbourg (March 15, 1804), and thence to the castle of Vincennes, near Paris. There a commission of French colonels was hastily gathered to try him. The duke was now charged chiefly with bearing arms against France in the late war, and with intending to take part in the new coalition then proposed against France. The colonels hastily and most in formally drew up the act of condemnation, being incited thereto by orders from Savary (q.v.), who had come charged with instruc tions. The duke was shot in the moat of the castle, near a grave which had already been prepared. With him ended the house of Conde. In 1816 the bones were exhumed and placed in the chapel of the castle. It is now known that Josephine and Mme. de Remusat had begged Napoleon for mercy towards the duke ; but nothing would bend his will. The blame which the apologists of the emperor have thrown on Talleyrand and Savary is undeserved. See H. Welschinger, Le Duc d'Enghien 1772-1804 (Paris, 1888) and L'enlevenzent d'Ettenheim et l'execution de Vincennes (1913) ; A. Nougaret de Fayet, Recherches historiques sur le proces et la con demnation du duc d'Enghien, 2 vols. (Paris, 1844) ; Comte A. Boulay de la Meurthe, Les Dernieres Annees du duc d'Enghien 1801-1804 (Paris, 1886). For documents see La Catastrophe du duc d'Enghien in the edition of Memoires edited by M. F. Barriere, also the edition of the duke's letters, etc., by Count Boulay de la Meurthe (tome i., Paris, 1904; tome
1908) .
