PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS Teaching.—Great Britain. Elementary teachers pass examina tions in knowledge and teaching proficiency, hitherto conducted by the Board of Education, but now being transferred to the universities. Teachers, however, who follow a four years' course in a university take the teaching diplomas of the university concerned. There is no official compulsion for teachers in second ary schools to be trained, but an increasing number of graduates are taking university courses of training, especially women. In fact, in girls' schools, training is rapidly becoming a sine qua non.
France. Elementary teachers have to pass a State examination for entrance into a training college as well as a leaving examina tion at the end of the year ; the latter includes a test in teaching proficiency. Teachers in the higher classes of secondary State schools (Lycees) have to pass an examination called the agrega tion, comprising a severe written and oral test. Ordinary teachers in the schools need only have the licence or diplome d'etudes superieures.
Germany. Elementary teachers have to pass the ordinary State examinations, academic and professional. Secondary teachers are obliged to attend a university for three years. The Ph.D. is optional, but they must take the State examination and become full teachers only after two years' probation.