ROBERT ESTIENNE (1503-1559) was Henri's second son. After his father's death he acted as assistant to his stepfather, and superintended the printing of a Latin edition of the New Testa ment (1523). He had intimate relations with the new Evangelical preachers and soon after this time definitely joined the Reformed Church. In 1526 he became head of the firm, and adopted as his device the celebrated olive-tree. In 1528 he married Perrette, a daughter of the scholar and printer Josse Bade (Jodocus Badius), and in the same year he published his first Latin Bible, an edition in folio, upon which he had been at work for the last four years. In 1532 appeared his Thesaurus linguae Latinae (later editions , a dictionary of Latin words and phrases, which as late as 1734 was considered worthy of being re-edited. In Robert was appointed king's printer for Hebrew and Latin, and in 1 S4o for Greek. In 1541 he was entrusted by Francis I. with the task of procuring from Claude Garamond, the engraver and type-founder, three sets of Greek type for the royal press. With the middle size Robert printed the editio princeps of the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius and others • The smallest size was first used for the 16mo edition of the New Testament known as the 0 mirificam (1546) , while with the largest size was printed the magnificent folio of 1S5o. This edition brought the printer into disputes with the faculty of theology, and in 1551 he left his native town and took refuge at Geneva, where he published in 1552 a caustic answer to his persecutors under the title Ad cen suras theologorum Parisiensium. . . . A French translation was published by him in the same year (printed in Renouard's Annales de l'imprimerie des Estienne). At Geneva Robert became an ardent partisan of Calvin, several of whose works he published. He died there on Sept. 7, The text of Etienne's New Testament of 1550, either in its original form or in such slightly modified form as it assumed in the Elzevir text of 1634, remains to this day the traditional text. But this is due rather to its typographical beauty than to any critical merit. The readings of the fifteen mss. which Robert's son Henri had collated for the purpose, were merely introduced into the margin. The text was still almost exactly that of Erasmus. It was, however, the first edition ever published with a critical apparatus of any sort. Of the whole Bible Robert printed eleven editions—eight in Latin, two in Hebrew and one in French ; while of the New Testament alone he printed twelve—five in Greek, five in Latin and two in French. In the Greek New Testament of 1551 (printed at Geneva) the present division into verses was introduced for the first time. The editiones principes which issued from Robert's press were eight in number, viz. Eusebius, including the Praeparatio evangelica and the Demon stratio evangelica as well as the Historia ecclesiastics already men tioned , Moschopulus , Dionysius of Halicarnassus (February 1547), Alexander Trallianus (January 1548), Dio Cassius (January 1548) , Justin Martyr (1551) , Xiphilinus (1551) , Appian (1551), the last being completed, after Robert's departure from Paris, by his brother Charles, and appearing under his name. These editions, all in folio, except the Moschopulus, which is in 4to, are unrivalled for beauty. Robert also printed numerous editions of Latin classics, of which perhaps the folio Virgil of 1532 is the most noteworthy, and a large quantity of Latin grammars and other educational works, many of which were written by Maturin Cordier, his friend and co-worker in the cause of humanism.