FREDERICK AUGUSTUS I. (1750-1827), king of Sax ony, son of the elector Frederick Christian, was born at Dresden on Dec. 23, 175o. He succeeded his father under the guardianship of Prince Xavier in 1763, and was declared of age in 1768. In 1769 he married Maria Amelia, daughter of Duke Frederick of Zweibrwcken, by whom he had one daughter, Princess Augusta. He was methodical and conscientious, and a good example to all his officials, whence his surname "the Just." He sided with Fred erick the Great in the short Bavarian succession war of against Austria. At the peace of Teschen, which concluded the war, he received 6 million florins. In 1785 he joined the league of German princes (Deutscher Furstenbund) formed by Prussia, but without prejudice to his neutrality. Thus he remained neutral during the quarrel between Austria and Prussia in 1790. In the following year he declined the crown of Poland. He refused to join the league against France (Feb. 7, 1792), but when war was de clared his duty to the empire necessitated his taking part in it. Even after the peace of Basel (April 5, 95) he continued the war. But when the French army, during the following year, ad vanced into the heart of Germany, he was compelled by General Jourdan to retreat (Aug 13, 1796). In 1806 he joined Prussia against France. After the disastrous battle of Jena he concluded peace with Napoleon at Posen (Dec. i 1, 18o6), and, assuming the title of king, he joined the Confederation of the Rhine. But he did not alter the constitution and administration of his new kingdom. After the peace of Tilsit (July 9, 1807) he was created by Napoleon grand-duke of Warsaw, but his sovereignty of Poland was little more than nominal. In 1809 Frederick Augustus fought with Napoleon against Austria. On several occasions (1807, 1812, 1813) Napoleon was entertained at Dresden, and when, on his return from his disastrous Russian campaign, he passed through Saxony by Dresden (Dec. 16, 1812), Frederick Augustus remained true to his friend and ally. In April 1813 he made overtures to Austria, but he soon afterwards returned to the side of the French. He returned to Dresden on May io and was present at the terrible battle of Aug. 26 and 27, in which Napoleon's army and his own were defeated. He fell into the hands of the Allies after their entry into Leipzig; and, although he regained his freedom after the congress of Vienna, he was compelled to give up the northern part-three-fifths-of his kingdom to Prussia (May 2I, 1814). He entered Dresden on July 7, and was enthusiastically welcomed by his people. The remainder of his life was spent in repairing the damages caused by the Napoleonic wars, in developing the agri cultural, commercial and industrial resources of his kingdom, re forming the administration of justice, establishing hospitals and other charitable institutions, encouraging art and science and pro moting education. He had a special interest in botany, and origin ated the beautiful park at Pillnitz. He died on May 5, 1827. BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The earlier lives, by C. E. Weisse 0811), A. L. Herrmann (1827), Politz (183o), are mere panegyrics. On the other side see Flathe in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, and Bottiger-Flathe, History of Saxony (2nd ed., 1867 ff.), vols. ii. and iii.; A. Bonnefons, Un Allie de Napoleon, Frederic Auguste, premier roi de Saxe . . (1902) ; Fritz, Friedrich, Politik Sachsens 1801-1803 (1898) ; P. Riihl mann, Offentliche Meinung . . . 1806-1813 (1902) . There are many pamphlets bearing on the Saxon question and on Frederick Augustus during the years 1814 and 1815.