CALCARIUS.
Hind claw nearly straight (as in Larks); wings more pointed than in "Emberiza." Cup nest, well hidden, on ground; eggs olive brown to greenish, with red brown spots and blotches, and thin dark hair lines and scratches.
Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (L.). LAPLAND HUNTING. Ger. Lerchen-Spornammer ; Swed. Lappsparf, adult, summer. Above black with tawny streaks, crown, face, throat, chest, and sides of breast black ; eyebrow to nape yellowish buff ; hind collar chestnut ; white patches on nape and sides of neck ; beneath white streaked black on flanks. Bill yellow, tip black. Legs and feet black. Wing d .90-101,
9 82-93. Tarsus 20-22. Bill 8-io. In winter, much paler, chestnut and black obscured by tawny tips. 9 Crown dark brown with tawny streaks, hind collar rufous, throat and fore neck black with white tips. Young distinguished from those of "P. nivalis" by absence of white on wing and bases of throat feathers alwaYs black.
Breeds.—Scandinavia south to about 65', N. Finland, Russia north of 60°, Waigatz, Nova Zembla, and in Arctic Asia and America. Migrates ; in winter south to Central Europe, Britain, Iceland, C. and S. Russia, rare in Austria, N. Italy, and Switzerland.