CHAFF. Fr. Becfin vciloce ; Ger. Zilpzalp ; Etzi. Lui piccolo.
Y Above olive green, brighter on rump ; supercilium yellow; beneath including underwing coverts, axillaries and edge of wing pale yellow. Wing formula : ist primary 5-9 m.m. longer than coverts, znd primary between 7th and 8th or equal to 8th, some times between Sth and 9th ; emarginate 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th primaries. Bill horn brown, paler at base below. Legs and feet dark brown. Wing d 55-63, 9 52-57. Tarsus 19-21. Bill 7-8. After autumn moult colours are brighter.
Isles, Holland, Belgium, S.E. Jutland, France, Switzerland, \V. Germany, Mountains of Italy and in Liguria, Spain and Portugal, Sardinia, and probably also in N.W. Africa. Winters Mediterranean countries, and Egypt to tropical Africa ; occasionally Britain, S. France, S. Switzerland.
P. collybita abietinus Nilsson. Similar in colour to " colly bita " after autumn moult ; paler, more greyish above in spring and summer. Wing longer, d 62-66, 9 59-66. Tarsus 19-21. Bill 7-8.
Breeds.—N. and E. Europe ; Norway to Arctic Circle, C. and N. Sweden, Denmark, Finland, C. Russia north to 65', east to Perm and Orenburg, Baltic Provinces, E. Prussia, Poland, south through Austria to Rumania, Bosnia, and Montenegro. Migra tion route more to east than typical "collybita" ; occurs regularly British Coasts on passage, but more common E. Mediterranean, where many winter, e.g. Asia Minor, Egypt.
P. collybita tristis Myth. Greyer, less green above ; axillaries and under wing coverts yellow as in typical form, but underparts lack yellow, and are pale buff ; supercilium buff Legs black.
Wing 60-67, 55-62. Tarsus 18.5-2o. Bill 7-8.
Breeds.—N.E. Russia (Petchora), south to Urals (Perm) and in Siberia to Lake Baikal and Altai Mountains. Occurs on passage in E. Russia, Caucasus and S.E. Europe (some winter) ; rare in Italy ; accidental Heligoland, a few annually British Isles. Winters chiefly in India.
P. collybita canariensis Hartwig. Darker above, olive brown ; and much browner beneath at all seasons than typical form.
Wing much rounded, 6 53-56, 48-5o (H.) ; 3rd primary shorter than 4th and 5th ; znd primary shorter than 8th. Resident.—Western Canary Islands.
P. collybita exsul Hartert. Still smaller than "canariensis." Wing 8 50-52, 47-48.5 (H.) ; the very brown shade on parts less pronounced or almost absent.
Resident.—E. Canary Islands (Fuertevcntura and Lanzarote).
These races from Canary Islands and "P. c. tristis" never appear to get greener after autumn moult as does the typical form.
Phylloscopus neglectus lorenzii (Lorenz).
Much resembles "P. collybita tristis" but upper parts are dark rusty brown ; under wing coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing not pale yellow, but whitish buff. Primaries emarginate 3rd to 6th. Wing 6z-63 (H.).
Breeds.—Caucasus. Winters in Transcaucasia.
The typical form "P. n. neglectus" (paler above and shorter winged) breeds in Transcaspia.
Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus (L.). WILLOW WARBLER. Fr. Pouillot-fitis ; Ger. Fitis-Laubsanger ; Ital. Lui grosso ; Swed. Lofsangare.
Above greyish brown, tinged green ; supercilium yellow ; beneath dull white tinged yellow ; under wing coverts and axillaries yellow. znd primary between 5th and 6th ; primaries emarginate 3rd to 5th ; 1st primary 3-6 m.m. longer than coverts. Bill dark brown, paler at base below. Legs and feet brown, much lighter than in " collybita." Wing 60-70, 4 Go-66. Tarsus 18-20. Bill 8-9. Immature birds and adults after autumn moult are yellower throughout.
Breeds.—Europe (including British Isles) from about Arctic Circle south to N. Spain, N. and C. Italy, Bosnia, Montenegro and S. Russia, Sardinia, Caucasus and east to Urals. Migratory ; occurs on passage N. Mediterranean countries, Egypt, and N.W. Africa. Winters tropical and S. Africa ; some N.W. Africa, Palestine, and Asia Minor ; also reported north of the Mediterranean.
P. trochilus eversmanni (Bonaparte). After autumn moult difficult to distinguish from typical race, but usually browner, less green. In summer greyer above and paler below. Wing averages longer, 9 64-70. Tarsus 19-20. Bill 8-9.
Breeds. —N.E. Russia (Petchora and Urals) south to Sarepta ; and also N. Siberia. Occurs on passage Egypt, Asia Minor, and British Isles. Winters tropical and S. Africa.
Phylloscopus nitidus nitidus myth. GREENISH WARBLER.
d 4 summer. Above greyish green, supercilium yellow ; greater wing coverts yellow tipped forming a wing bar (occasion ally middle wing coverts faintly tipped forming an indistinct bar) ; beneath pale yellow, including under wing coverts and axillaries. 1st primary 5-10 m.m. beyond coverts ; 2nd sometimes equal to 7th or equal to 8th, generally between 7th and 8th ; outer webs emarginate 3rd to Gth. Bill brown, paler at base below. Legs and feet brown. After autumn moult is bright green above and yellow below. Wing 60-66 (H.).
Breeds.—Caucasus, east to Afghanistan. Winters in India. Occurred once Heligoland.
P. nitidus viridanus Blyth. Like typical form but brownish olive green above ; eye-stripe yellowish buff ; much paler yellow beneath ; wing bar more buff. Wing d Go-65, 4 58.62. Tarsus 18-21.
Breeds.—Baltic Provinces (rare) ; N. Russia from Olonetz and Perm Govt. south to Tula Govt. ; Urals south to Orenburg, and also in W. Siberia. Winters in India. Accidental England and Heligoland.
Phylloscopus bonelli bonelli (Viei1100. BONELLI'S WARBLER. Fr. Pouillot Bonelli ; Ger. Berglaubsanger ; Ital. Lui
bianco.
Adult, summer. Above brown, yellowish green on rump ; outer margins of tail feathers, wing coverts and quills, and the eye-stripe pale buff ; beneath white ; under wing coverts and axillaries yellow. 1st primary about 5 m.m. longer than coverts ; 2nd between 6th and 7th ; 3rd and 4th longest ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th emarginate outer webs. Bill dark horn above, paler at base below. Legs and feet brown. Wing 59-67, 9 57-62. Tarsus 19-2o. Bill 7-8.
Breeds.—S. and E. France, S.W. Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy (especially N. and C.), Spain and Portugal, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Migrates ; rare in Egypt on passage. Winters Africa (Soudan and Senegal).
P. bonelli orientalis (Brehm). Greyer above and wing longer than in typical form. Wing 66-71, 9 64-67 (H.).
Crimea, Asia Minor to Palestine. Occurs Egypt on passage. Winters Nile Valley.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix sibilatrix (Bechstein). Woo]) WARBLER. Fr. Pouillot-siffleur ; Ger. Waldlaubsanger ; Ital. Lui verde ; Szued. Gron Sangare.
Adult, summer. Above yellowish green ; face, eye-stripe, throat, breast, thighs, edge of wing, and axillaries bright yellow, rest of underparts white. 1st primary very small, shorter than primary coverts ; 3rd longest ; 2nd generally equal to, sometimes a little shorter than 4th, always longer than 5th ; 3rd to 5th emarginate. Bill brown, paler below. Legs and feet brownish flesh. Wing , 74-79, 9 70-79. Tarsus 18-19. Bill 8-1o. After autumn moult plumage duller ; upper parts green, tinged brown on crown and mantle.
Breeds.—S. Norway, Sweden to 66', N. Russia to Baltic Provinces, British Isles, south to Central France, Austria and Hungary. Migrates ; occurs on passage S. Europe, Palestine, Malta, Egypt, and N. Africa. Winters C. Africa ; a few in S. Spain, Greece, S. Tunisia, and oases of Algerian Desert.
Breeds.—Spain, S. France, Sardinia, W. Balkans ; Central Morocco. Occurs Egypt on passage (spring).
d 9 summer. Above greyish brown with green tinge ; greater wing coverts tipped yellowish white, forming a wing bar ; middle wing coverts tipped greenish white, forming an indistinct bar ; eye-stripe buff ; beneath white faintly tinged yellow, greenish grey on flanks, axillaries and under wing coverts pale yellow ; 1st primary usually shorter than, sometimes equal to, rarely a little longer than primary coverts ; 2nd between 5th and 6th, rarely between 6th and 7th ; 3rd and 4th longest ; 3rd to 5th emarginate. Bill dark brown, yellowish below, and very wide and stout ; rictal bristles well developed. Legs and feet horn brown. Wing a 62-7t, 9 61-67 (\V.). Tarsus 19-21. Bill 8-9. After autumn moult greener above and yellower beneath.
Breeds.—Extreme north of Europe and Asia ; in Urals south to Perm. Winters in E. Asia. Accidental in Britain, Heligoland, E. Galicia, and Italy.
Breeds.—N. Siberia. Appears annually in Europe from Oren burg and N.E. Russia west to Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Holland ; not rare Heligoland ; regular small numbers British Isles, nearly always in autumn. Chief winter quarters, China and S.E. Asia.
Phylloscopus proregulus proregulus (Pallas).
j 9 Above olive green, supercilium, central coronal stripe, some nuchal feathers, tips of median and greater wing coverts (forming two wing bars), and rump yellow ; beneath white tinged yellow, under wing coverts and axillaries yellow. 1st primary twice as long as coverts ; 2nd between 7th and 9th, generally 7th and 8th ; 4th and 5th longest ; 3rd to 6th emarginate. Bill dark brown, yellow below at base. Legs and feet greenish brown. Wing j 49-56, 9 47-55 (W.). Tarsus 16-17. Bill 6-7.
Breeds.—E. Siberia. Winters chiefly S. China. Annual on passage at Orenburg ; accidental Britain and Heligoland.
Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth). DUSKY WARBLER.
d' 9 Above brown, rufous on upper tail coverts ; super cilium buff, paler in front of eye ; beneath, whitish on throat and middle of abdomen, breast and under tail coverts buff, flanks darker, axillaries and under wing coverts buff. 1st primary twice length of coverts and about half as long as 2nd ; 2nd between 8th and 9th or 9th and loth ; 4th longest ; 3rd to 6th emarginate. Bill dark horn, yellow below. Legs and feet yellow brown. Wing 56-64, 9 53-61 (W.). Tarsus 20-22. Bill 8-9.
An E. Siberian species ; has occurred twice in Britain.