PYRRHULA.
Bill short, strong, convex ; frequent woods, orchards, gardens; nest, cup in trees; eggs greenish blue spotted and blotched with purplish grey and dark brown.
Crown, nape, fore part of face, chin, secondaries, upper tail coverts and tail bluish black ; back, scapulars, lesser and median wing coverts and tips of greater coverts grey ; inner secondary with outer margin red ; rump and under tail coverts white ; sides of head and neck and underparts red. Bill black. Legs and feet brown. Wing 9o-98. Tarsus 18-19. Bill 8-1o. ? mantle ashy brown, outer web of inner secondary grey ; beneath brown, slightly vinous. Wing 86-93.
Breeds.—Scandinavia to 69°, Finland, N. and C. Russia east to Ufa, Baltic Provinces, E. Prussia, Galicia, Hungary, Rumania. Partly migratory ; occurs in winter in Britain (rare), Europe generally to S. France, Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey and S. Russia.
P. pyrrhula europma Vieillot. Smaller than "pyrrhula."
,S darker grey above often washed with red ; beneath less bright. y distinctly duller and browner than typical ? . Wing 81-88.5 (H.).
Breeds..—Ccntral Europe from Holland and Belgium to Poland, south to Mountains of Balkan Peninsula, N. and C. Italy, N. Portugal. In winter occurs Algeria and Tunisia, S. Italy (rare), Sicily (occasional), Malta (accidental).
P. pyrrhula pileata Macgillivray. indistinguishable in colour from j "europan." ? back browner and underparts darker than ? "europrea." Wing Isles.
P. pyrrhula rossikowi Derjugin and Bianchi. Like " pyrr hula " in size, but grey of back purer and bluer and red below much deeper.
Resident—Caucasus.
P. pyrrhula murina Godman. Sexes almost alike and resembling y " europtea" ; beneath brownish grey, rump and under tail coverts grey brown. Wing 88-90. Tarsus 20 (II.).
Resident.-----St Michael (Azores).