Amorphozoa
Amorphozoa. Fossil Sponges Take An Important Place Among The Organic Remains Of The Former World, Not Only On Account Of Their Great Variety Of Form And Structure, But Still More Because Of The Extraordinary Abundance Of Individuals In Certain Strata. In England They Specially Characterize The Chalk Formation,— Extensive Beds ...
Amphibichnites
Amphibichnites. Genus Camtartimuum.—fig. 68 Gives A Reduced View Of A Portion Of New Red Sandstone, With Three Pairs Of Footprints In Relief : The First And Third Of The Left, The Second Of The Right, Side. Consecutive Impressions Of Such Prints Have Been Traced For Many Steps In Succession In ...
Amphitherium
Amphitherium (thy/atotherium, Val.)*—this Genus Is Founded Upon A Few Specimens Of Lower Jaw, One Ramus Of Which (fig. 85) Gave The Entire Dentition Of Its Side,—viz., Three Small Conical Incisors (i), One Rather Larger Canine (c), Six Pre Molars, Unicuspid, With A Small Point At One Or Both Sides Of ...
Animalia Invertebrata
Animalia. Invertebrata. Remains Of Invertebrate Animals Occur In Strata Of Every Age, From The Partially Metamorphic And Crystalline Rocks Of The Cambrian System To The Deposits Formed By The Floods Of Last Winter And The Tides Of Yesterday. They Are Found In Every Country, From The Highest Latitude Attained By ...
Annulata
Annulata. (worms, Tube- Worms, Nereids.) Char.—body Soft, Symmetrical, Vermiform, Annulated, With Suckers, Or Sets, Or Setigerous Tube-feet ; Blood Of A Red Colour In Most. The Peculiar Markings On The Surface Of The Old Cambrian Slate Rocks, Conjectured To Afford The Earliest Indications Of The Existence Of Marine Worms, Are ...
Anthozoa
Anthozoa. The History Of The British Fossil Corals, As Given By Milne Edwards And Haime In The " Monographs Of The Palwonto Graphical Society," Exhibits, Equally With That Of The Fossil Shells By Other Authors, A Transition From A State Very Different From That Which Now Subsists In Our Part ...
Articulata
Articulata. In The Great Division Of Invertebrate Animals Called Arti Culata The Brain Is In The Form Of A Ring Encircling The Gullet. A Double Ganglion Above The Tube Supplies The Chief Organs Of Sense. The Ganglions Below The Tube Are Connected With Two Chords Which Extend Along The Ventral ...
Baphetes
Baphetes Ow. Sp. Baphetes Planiceps.—in January 1854 The Writer Com Municated To The Geological Society Of London A Description Of Part Of A Fossil Cranium Of An Animal, From The Pictou Coal, Nova Scotia, Measuring 7 Inches Across The Orbit. From The Characters Then Specified, The Fossil Was Determined To ...
Batracii Ia
Batracii Ia. (toads, Frogs, Newts.) Char.—vertebne Biconcave (siren), Proccelian (rana), Or Opisthoccelian (pips) : Pleurapophyses Short, Straight. Two Occipital Condyles ; Two Vomerine Bones, In Most Dentigerous : No Scales Or Scutes. Larvae With Gills, In Most Deciduous. It Is Only In Tertiary And Post-tertiary Strata That Extinct Species, Referable ...
Brachiopoda
Brachiopoda. The Lamp-shells (brachiopods), More Than Any Other Group, Have Suffered With The Lapse Of Time. Of 1300 Known Species, Only 75 Are Living ; And Of The 34 Genera, The Larger Part (21) Are Extinct. The Number Of Generic Forms Is Greatest In The Devonian Period And Least In ...
Bryozoa
Bryozoa. Char.—tentacles Of The Polype Hollow, With Ciliated Margins ; Alimentary Canal With Stomach, Intestine, And Anus ; Polypary, When Present, External, Horny, And Calcareous. The Metamorphoses Which The Bryozoa Undergo Are Like Those Of The Lower Polypi ; The Embryo Developed From The Ovum Is An Oval, Discoid, Or ...
Chelonia
Chelonia. (tortoises And Tartlets.) C'har.—truuk-ribs Broad, Fiat, Suturally United, Forming With Vertebrae And Sternum An Expanded Thoracic Abdominal Case, Into Which, As Into A Portable Chamber, The Head, Tail, And Limbs Can, Usually, Be Withdrawn. No Teeth : External Nostril Single. Reference Has Already Been Made To The Impressions In ...
Cirripedia
Cirripedia. (barnacles, Acorn-shells.) Char.—body Chitinous Or Chitino-testaceous, Subarticulated, Mostly Symmetrical, With Aborted Antennae And Eyes ; Thorax Attached To The Sternal Surface Of The Carapace, With Six Pairs Of Multiarticulate, Biramous, Setigerous Limbs ; Metamorphosis Resulting In A Permanent Para Sitic Attachment Of The Fully-developed Female To Some Foreign Body. ...
Cladyodon
Cladyodon, Ow. Sp. Cladyod,on Lloydii.—in The Memoir On The Triassic Red Sandstones Of Warwick, By Murchison And Strickland, Published In 1840, In The 2d Series Of The Geological Transac Tions, Vol V., A Tooth, Which Is An Extremely Rare Fossil In Those English Formations, Was Figured In Pl. Xxviii., Fig. ...
Class
Class 11.—reptilia. Order I.—oanocephala.. The Name Of This Order Has Reference To The Sculptured And Externally Polished Or " Ganoid " Bony Plates With Which The Entire Head Was Defended. These Plates Include The " Post-orbital " And " Super-temporal" Ones, Which Roof Over The Temporal Fos&e. There Are No ...
Class 1il Aves
Class 1il-aves. Long Before Any Evidence Of Birds From Actual Or Recog Nizable Fossil Remains Is Obtained In Tracing The Progress Of Life From The Oldest Fossiliferous Deposits Upwards, We Meet With Indications Of Their Existence Impressed In Sandstones Of The Triassic Or Liassic Period. These Earliest Evidences Of The ...
Conchiosaiiriis
Conchiosaiiriis, Von Meyer. Sp. Conchiosaurus Elavatus.—the Facial Part Of The Skull Is Less Prolonged Than In Pistosaurus, And The Nostrils Are Terminal. The Teeth Are Twelve In Number On Each Side, Are Subequal, With A Pyriform Crown, And Are Placed At Widish Intervals. From The Muschelkalk At Laineck, Near Bayreuth. ...
Coryphodon
Coryphodon, Ow.—rarely Has The Writer Felt More Misgiving In Regard To A Conclusion Based, In Palmontology, On A Single Tooth Or Bone, Than That To Which He Arrived After A Study Of The Unique Fragment Of Jaw With One Tooth Dredged Up Off The Essex Coast, And On Which He ...
Crinoidea
Crinoidea. Char.—body With Ramified Rays, Supported Temporarily Or Permanently On A Jointed Calcareous Stem ; Alimentary Canal, With Mouth And Vent, Both, As In Bryozoa, Approximated. The " Stone-lilies," Or Crinoid Star-fishes, Formed A Nume Rous And Important Group In The Palwozoic Seas, Where They Obtained Their Maximum Number And ...
Dibranchiata
Dibranchiata. (cuttle-fishes.) Of The Two Great Divisions Of Cephalopodous Mollusca, That Which Is Represented At The Present Day By The Pearly Nautilus Was Developed In The Greatest Profusion And Variety In The Paleeozoic And Secondary Periods ; Whilst The More Active And Intelligent Cuttle-fishes And Squids Have Not Been (certainly) ...
Dichodon
Dichodon, Ow.—the Upper Eocene Beds Of Hamp Shire Have Yielded Evidence Of An Extinct Form Of Even-toed (artiodactyle) Hoofed Quadruped, Most Interesting As A Transi Tional Form Between The Anoplotherioids And The True Rumi Nants. Like The Anoplotherium The Dental Series Is Continu Ous, Without Break—a Character Which Is Only ...
Dicynodon
Dicynodon, Ow.—in 1844 Mr. Andrew G. Bain, Who Had Been Engaged In The Construction Of Military Roads In The Colony Of The Cape Of Good Hope, Discovered, In The Tract Of Country Extending Northwards From The County Of Albany, About 450 Miles East Of Cape Town, Several Nodules Or Lumps ...
Dryopithecus
Dryopithecus, Lart.—in The Larger Miocene Ape (dryopithecus Fontani, Lart.) The Canine Is Relatively Larger Than In The Hylobates, And The Incisors, To Judge By Their Alveoli, Are Relatively Narrower Than In The Chimpanzee And Human Subject. The First Premolar Has The Outer Cusp Pointed, And Raised To Double The Height ...
Echinoidea
Echinoidea Char.—body Spheroid Or Discoid, Incased In A Crust Of In Flexibly-joined Calcareous Plates, And Armed With Spines ; Dental System Complex, Arranged So As To Resemble A " Lantern." The Echinoitha Appear First In The Carboniferous Limestone And Attain Their Maximum In The Cretaceous Strata. In All Secondary And ...
Elephas
Elephas, L.—the Latest Form Of True Elephant Which Obtained Its Sustenance In Temperate Latitudes Is That Which Blumenbach Called Primigenius, The " Mammoth " Of The Siberian Collectors Of Its Tusks (fig. 119). Its Remains Occur Chiefly, If Not Exclusively, In Pleistocene Deposits, And Have Even Been Found In Tur ...
Entomostraca
Entomostraca. Char.—body With More Or Fewer Segments Than Fourteen ; Integument Chitinous, Forming In Some A Bivalve Shell, Eyes Sessile. Small Bivalve Entomostracous Crustacea Are Found In All Strata, And Attain Their Maximum Size In The Older Rocks. Minute Ostracoda, Related To The Recent Cyp) Is (fig. 10, 5), Swarm ...
Family I Cestraciontidie
Family I.- Cestraciontidie. (port-jackson Shark.) The Existing Genus Which Has Thrown Most Light Upon The Fossil Teeth Which Have Thus Become Imbedded In The Oceanic Deposits Of The Paheozoic And Mezozoic Periods, Is The Cestracion, Now Restricted To The Australian And Chinese Seas, Where It Is Represented By Two Or ...
Family Ii Cervide
Family Ii. - Cervide. First Made Known The Fact Of Teeth With The Charac Ter Of Ruminant Molars, And Of Portions Of Antlers, Being Asso Ciated With Remains Of Lophiodon And Mastodon In The Fresh Water Miocene Beds Of Montabusard, Department Of The Loiret. These Early Ruminant Fossils Agreed In ...
Family Iv Holoptychidie
Family Iv - Holoptychidie. The Type-genera Of This Family Were First Recognized And Characterized By The Fossil Scales, Under The Name Holoptychius (ag.), And By The Fossil Teeth, Under The Name Rhizodus (ow.) They Include Species Which Have Left Their Remains In The "old Red" And The Coal Measures. They ...
Family M Ram A
Family M.-ram A. (rays.) Fossil Evidences Of This Peculiar Family Of Cartilaginous Fishes Have Been Discovered In Oolitic (spathobatis Belem Nobatis), Cretaceous, And Tertiary Formations, And Consist Of Defensive Spines, Dermal Tubercles, And Teeth, But Chiefly The Latter. The Most Peculiar And Distinctive Modifications Of The Dental System, Presented By ...
Family V Paleoniscide
Family V Paleoniscide. The Placoganoids, So Richly Represented In The Devonian Epoch, Disappear In The Carboniferous One ; The Lepidoganoids Increase In Number. In The Present Family They Combine With Rhomboid Scales, A Heterocercal Tail, And Jaws Armed With Numerous, Minute, Close-set, Rather Blunt Teeth. The Type Genus Is Palceoniscus ...
Family Vi Saurichthyide
Family Vi. Saurichthyide. Magnificent Species Of Heterocercal Rhomb-scaled Ganoids, With Large Dispersed Laniary Teeth, Sometimes Of A Size Rivalling Those Of Great Saurians, For Which They Have Been Mistaken, Have Left Their Remains In The Coal Strata At Carluke, Near Glasgow, And Other Localities, And Constitute The Genus Mega Lichthys ...
Galecynus
Galecynus, Ow.—in 1829 The Fossil Skeleton Of A Carnivore, Of The Size Of A Fox, Was Discovered By Sir Roderick L Murchison In The Pliocene Schist Of (eningen. On A Close Comparison Of This Specimen, The Writer Finds That The First Premolar Is Smaller, And The Third And Fourth Larger ...
Gasteropoda
Gasteropoda. Fossil Univalves—the Remains Of Spiral And Limpet-like Shells—are Not Wanting In Any But The Very Oldest Fossili Ferous Rocks (" Lingula Flags"). From The Lower Silurian, Where Less Than 100 Species, Referable To Scarcely More Than Ten Genera, Are Found, They Increase In Number And Variety Slowly And Regularly ...
Geographical Distribution Of Pleistocene
Geographical Distribution Of Pleistocene Mammals. A Most Interesting Generalization Has Been Educed From The Mass Of Facts Relating To The Fossil Mammals Of The Later Tertiaries—viz., The Close Correspondence Between The Fauna Of Those And Of The Present Periods In The Europeo-asiatic Expanse Of Dry Land. For Here Species Continue ...
Graptolite
Graptolite. To This Class May Probably Belong The Organic Remains Called " Gmptolite,s," Which Are Exclusively And Characteris Tically Silurian Fossils. A Certain Knowledge Of Their Affinities Would Require Examination Of The Soft Parts ; And The Family Has Long Been Extinct. Indications Of The Flexible Consistency Of The Polypary, ...
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus, L.—the Discovery, In Lacustrine And Fluviatile Deposits Of Europe, Of The Remains Of An Amphibious Genus Of Mammal Now Restricted To African Rivers, Gives Scope For Speculating On The Nature Of The Land Which, Uniting Eng Land With The Continent, Was Excavated By Lakes And Inter Sected By Rivers, ...
Hyrnodon
Hyr.nodon, Laiz.—with The Delicate And Beautiful Herbivora Of The Upper Eocene And Lower Miocene Periods, There Coexisted Carnivorous Quadrupeds, Which, To Judge By The Character Of Their Flesh-cutting Teeth (carnassials), Were More Fell And Deadly In Their Destructive Task Than Modern Wolves Or Tigers. Of These Old Extinct Carnivora A ...
Ichnology
Ichnology. In Entering Upon The Genetic History Of The Class Of Reptiles, We Have To Inquire, As In That Of Fishes, In What Period Of The Earth's History The Class Was Introduced, And Under What Forms ; At What Period It Attained Its Plenary Development, In Regard To The Size, ...
Iciithyosaurus
Iciithyosaurus. The Name (from The Greek Ichthys, A Fish, And Sauros, A Lizard) Was Devised To Indicate The Closer Affinity Of The Ichthyosaur, As Compared With The Plesiosaur, To The Class Of Fishes. The Ichthyosaur (fig. 68) Is Remark Able For The Shortness Of The Neck And The Equality Of ...
Iguanodon
Iguanodon, Mt1l—remains Of The Large Herbivorous Reptiles Of This Genus Have Been Found In Wealden And Neoco Mian (greensand) Strata. Femora, Four Feet In Length, Showing The Third Inner Trochanter, Have Been Discovered. The Sacrum Included Five, And In Old Animals Six, Vertebrae ; The Claw-bones Are Broad, Flat, And ...
Infusria
Infusria. (polygastria, Ehrenberg.) Numerous Genera And Multitudes Of So-called Species Of Free And Locomotive Microscopic Organisms, Which, Because They Do Not Present The Distinctive Characters Of Plants Or Animals, Have Been By Turns Referred To One Or Other Kingdom, Possess Shells Of Flint, And Consequently Enter Largely Into The Domain ...
Insecta
Insecta. Char.—body Chitinous, Articulated, With Articulated And Unci Nated Limbs ; Head Provided With Jointed Antennae ; Respiratory System Tracheal. The Fossil Insects Hitherto Examined Have Afforded No New Types Or Forms Of Unusual Interest The Oldest Known, Those From The Lower Coal Measures, Resemble The Curculionidce And Blattidce Or ...
Lacertilia
Lacertilia. (lizards, Ifcrnitora, Iguana.) Clw•.—vertebrx Proccelian, With A Single Transverse Process On Each Side, And With Single-headed Ribs ; Sacral Verte Brae Not Exceeding Two : Two External Nostrils; A Foramen Parietale In Most. Small Vertebrae Of The Lacertian Type Have Been Found In The Wealden Of Sussex. They Are ...
Lamellibranchiata
Lamellibranchiata. (bivalve Shells.) More Than A Third Part Of The Known Fossil Shells Are Ordinary Bivalves (conchifera, Dh.) They Amount To Nearly 6000, While The Recent Species Scarcely Exceed Half That Number. Nevertheless, It Is A Group Which Attains Its Maxi Mum In The Present Seas. The Genera Are Seven ...
Lophiodon
Lophiodon, Cuv.—in The Year 1800 Cuvier* First Announced The Discovery Of The Fossil Remains Of A Quadruped • Bulletin Des Sciences, Paris, Nivose, An. Viii., No. 34. Allied To And Of The Size Of The Tapir, In The Lacustrine Deposits Of The Montague Noir, Near Issel, Department Of Aude In ...
Macrotherium
Macrotherium, Lartet —the Edentate Order, Which Is So Abundantly And Variously Represented In South America, Which Has Its Orycteropes And Pangolins In Africa, And Its Mauises In Tropical Asia, Has No Living Representative In Europe. Perhaps The Most Unexpected Form Of Mammal To Be Revealed By Fossil Remains From European ...
Malacostraca
Malacostraca. Char.—body Divided Into Thorax And Abdomen, With Seven Segments In Each. The Isopools Are Represented In The Upper Oolite By Arch Ceoniscus Brodicei, Which Is Gregarious, In Large Numbers In The Slabs Of Purbeck Limestone ; And In The Permian System By The Prosoponiscus (or Palceocrangon). The Problematic Pygo ...
Mastodon
Mastodon, Cuv.—the Earliest Appearance Of This Genus Of Proboscidian Or Elephantoid Mammal Is In Tertiary Strata Of Miocene Age, And By A Species In Which The Fore Part Of The Lower Jaw Was Produced Into A Pair Of Deep Sockets Containing Tusks ; But These Are Only Slightly Deflected From ...