Advantages Of The Reinforced
Advantages Of The Reinforced Arch. If The Loads Upon The Arch Were All Fixed, It Would Be Possible To Design An Arch Ring So That The Resultant Pressure Would Pass Through The Center Of Each Cross Section, And Consequently The Entire Arch Ring Would Be In Compression; But If Part ...
Analysis Of Reinforced Arcs
Analysis Of Reinforced Arcs. The Analysis Of The Reinforced Concrete Arch Having Fixed Ends Is Substantially The Same As That For A Plain Concrete Arch, Except That The Moment Of Inertia Of The Homogeneous Cross Section Should Be Replaced By That Of The Composite Cross Section. The Differences Between The ...
Arrangement Of The Foundation
Arrangement Of The Foundation. The Length Of The Piles To Be Used Is Determined By The Nature Of The Soil, Or The Conveniences For Driving, Or The Lengths Most Easily Obtained. The Safe Bearing Power May Be Determined By Equation 1 Or 2, § 776, Or From The Data Presented ...
Art 2 Testing Cement
Art. 2. Testing Cement. Of All The Materials Of Construction, Cement Is The One Most Difficult To Test, And Also The One Subject To The Greatest Variations And Therefore The One Most In Need Of Testing. The Value Of A Cement Varies Greatly With Its Chemical Composition, The Temperature Of ...
Artificial Stone
Artificial Stone. Many Formulas Have Been Proposed For Making Artificial Stone, As The Records Of The Patent Office Show. Nearly All Of The Proposed Substitutes For Natural Stone Consist Of Ordinary Hydraulic Cement, Sand, Gravel Or Broken Stone, And Some Ingredient That Is Claimed To Confer Some Peculiar Advantage To ...
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar Masonry. This Is Masonry In Which The Thick Ness Of The Bed Joints Is One Half Inch Or Less. According To The Finish Of The Face Of The Stones, Ashlar May Be Divided Into Either Pitch-faced, Drafted, Or Cut-stone Masonry (i 545-46); And According To The Arrangement Of The ...
Ashlar Masonry A
Ashlar Masonry. Thoroughly Filled With Concrete Or Spans Fully Bedded In Cement Mortar. 32b.* Backing Shall Be Of Concrete Or Headers And Stretchers, As Specified In Paragraphs S8-30, And The Heart Of The Wall Shall Be Filled With Concrete. 33. Where The Wall Will Not Admit Of Such Arrangement, Stone ...
Bearing Power
Bearing Power Of Friction Pii.es. There Are Two General Methods Of Determining The Supporting Power Of Ordinary Bearing Piles: (1) By Considering The Relation Between The Supporting Power And The Length And The Size Of The Pile, The Weight Of The Hammer, The Height Of Fall, And The Distance The ...
Bearing Power Of Column
Bearing Power Of Column Piles. It Is Seldom, If Ever, Necessary To Consider Foundation Piles As Acting As A Column, Since The Surrounding Earth Prevents Lateral Deflection, At Least To A Con Siderable Degree; And Hence The Supporting Power Of Such A Pile Will Usually Approximate The Crushing Strength Of ...
Bearing Power Or Soils
Bearing Power Or Soils. It Is Scarcely Necessary To Say That Soils Vary Greatly In Their Bearing Power, Ranging As They Do From The Condition Of Hardest Rock, Through All Intermediate Stages, To A Soft Or Semi-liquid Condition, As Mud, Silt, Or Marsh. The Best Method Of Determining The Load ...
Bond Between Steel And
Bond Between Steel And Concrete. In Order That The Re Inforcement And The Concrete May Act In Unison, It Is Necessary That There Be Adhesion Or Bond Between The Steel And The Concrete. Ob Viously, For A Beam Uniformly Loaded The Tension On The Steel Is A Maximum At The ...
Bond In Brick Arches
Bond In Brick Arches. The Only Matter Requiring Special Mention In Connection With Brick Arches Is The Bond To Be Employed. When The Thickness Of The Arch Exceeds A Brick And A Half, The Bond From The Soffit Outward Requires Attention. There Are Three Principal Methods Employed In Bonding Brick ...
Brick Masonry
Brick Masonry Brick Masonry Is Employed Chiefly For Buildings, And In This Country Bricks Are More Extensively Used For This Purpose Than Any Other Material Except Wood, But It Is Not Unlikely That In The Future The Use Of Brick Will Greatly Increase Here Owing To The Rapid Consumption Of ...
Bridge Abutments
Bridge Abutments There Are Four Forms Of Abutments In More Or Less General Use. 1. A Plain Wall Parallel To The Current, Shown In Elevation At Fig. 126, With Or Without The Wings Adf And Beg. The Slopes May Be Finished With An Inclined Coping, As Ad, Or Offset At ...
Bridge Piers
Bridge Piers The Selection Of The Site Of The Bridge And The Arrangement Of The Spans, Although Important In Themselves, Do Not Properly Belong To The Part Of The Problem Here Considered; Therefore They Will Be Discussed Only Briefly. The Location Of The Bridge Is Usually A Compromise Between The ...
Broken Stone
Broken Stone. In Masonry Construction Broken Stone Is Used As One Of The Ingredients Of Concrete. Any Hard And Durable Stone Is Suitable For Use In Making Concrete. Trap, Granite (not Only True Granite, But Also Syenite, Diorite, Gneiss, Etc., Which Are Frequently Called Granites), Limestones, And The More Compact ...
Btabiiity Or
Btabii.ity Or Abu'r I Wrs. The Stability Of The Abutments Is In A Measure Indeterminate, Since It Depends Upon The Position Of The Line Of Resistance Of The Arch. The Stability Of The Abutment May Be Determined Most Easily By Treating It As A Part Of The Arch, I.e., By ...
Building Brick
Building Brick. The Clay. The Quality Of The Brick De Pends Primarily Upon The Kind Of Clay Used. Common Clays, Of Which The Common Brick Is Made, Consist Principally Of Silicate Of Alumina; But They Also Usually Contain Lime, Magnesia, And Oxide Of Iron. The Latter Ingredient Is Useful, Improving ...
Bzinforoed Oonorete Box Culverts
Bzinforoed Oonorete Box Culverts. In Recent Years Reinforced Concrete Has Come Into Great Favor For Small Culverts And Also For Larger Culverts Where The Head Room Is Not Sufficient To Permit The Use Of An Arch. Generally The Closed-box Type Is Employed; But Occasionally, When The Foundation Is Very Firm ...
C B Qr
C. B. & Q. R. R. Fig. 162 Shows The Cross Sec Tion, Of A 20- By 20-ft. Box Culvert Employed By The Chicago, Burlington And Quincy Railroad, And Also The Forms Used In Construct Ing The Culvert.* This Road Builds Single Box Culverts Of All Dimensions From 4 By ...
Cast Iron Pipe Culverts
Cast-iron Pipe Culverts. Formerly Cast-iron Pipes Were Considerably Used For Culverts In Localities Where There Was No Stone Suitable For Masonry, When A Waterway Was Required Greater Than Could Be Obtained With A Vitrified Pipe. Cast-iron Pipe From 12 To 48 Inches In Diameter, In Sections 6, 8, And 12 ...
Characteristics Of Sand Lime Brick
Characteristics Of Sand-lime Brick. The Makers Of Sand-lime Brick Usually Claim That Their Product Is Equal In Appear Ance And Quality To Any Dry-clay (pressed) Face Brick; And That Sand Lime Brick Will Gain In Hardness Under The Action Of Either Air Or Water. The Absorptive Power Of Sand-lime Brick ...
Chemical Analysis
Chemical Analysis. Chemical Analysis May Render Valu Able Service In The Detection Of Adulteration Of Cement With Consider Able Amounts Of Inert Material, Such As Slag Or Ground Limestone. It Is Of Use, Also, In Determining Whether Certain Constituents, Believed To Be Harmful When In Excess Of A Certain Percentage, ...
Classification And Description Of
Classification And Description Of Building Stones. Building Stones Are Variously Classified Ac Cording To Geological Position, Physical Structure, And Chemical Composition. Surface Presents Sharp Projections, Is Characteristic Of A Granular Structure. The Slaty Fracture Gives An Even Surface For Planes Of Division Parallel To The Lamination, And Uneven For Other ...
Classification Of Arohzs
Classification Of Arohzs. Masonry ' Arches May Be Divided Into Voussoir Arches And Monolithic Arches, According To Whether The Arch Ring Is Composed Of Several Separate Stones Or Con Sists Of A Monolithic Mass Of Concrete. The Separate Arch Stones Or Voussoirs May Be Blocks Of Natural Stone Dressed To ...
Classification Of Building Brick
Classification Of Building Brick. Bricks Are Classified According To (1) The Way In Which They Are Moulded; (2) Their Posi Tion In The Kiln While Being Burned; And (3) Their Form Or Use. Three Grades Of Brick Are Taken From The Old-style Kiln: Arch Brick, Body Brick, And Salmon Brick. ...
Clay Brick
Clay Brick. Brick Is A Most Valuable Building Material. Its Comparative Cheapness, The Ease With Which It Is Transported And Handled, And The Facility With Which It Is Worked Into Structures Of Any Desired Form, Are Its Valuable Characteristics. It Is, When Properly Made, Nearly As Strong As The Best ...
Common Lime
Common Lime. Lime Is Produced By Heating A Pure Or Nearly Pure Limestone In A Kiln To Such A Temperature As Will Drive Off The Carbon Dioxide And Leave Calcium Oxide. When Fresh Lime Is Brought Into Contact With Water It Will Rapidly Absorb Nearly A Quarter Of Its Weight ...
Compressed Air
Compressed-air Psoosss. The Plenum Or Compressed Air Process Consists In Pumping Air Into The Air-chamber, So As To Exclude The Water, And Forcing The Pile Or Caisson Down By A Load Placed Upon It. An Air-lock (i 864) Is So Arranged That The Workmen Can Pass Into The Caisson To ...
Concrete Building Blocks
Concrete Building-blocks. Under This Head Will Be Considered Briefly The Method Of Manufacture And The Uses Of Comparatively Small Blocks Of Concrete Employed As Substitutes For Brick Or Cut Stone In Buildings. Such Blocks Are Usually Hollow, And The Term Hollow Concrete Building. Blocks Is Frequently Used To Designate This ...
Conditions For An Arch
Conditions For An Arch Having Fixed Ends. If The Physical Conditions Are Such As To Fix The Ends Of The Arch, Then The Three Following Mathematical Conditions Will Be Satisfied, Viz.: 1. The Inclination Of The Tangents At The Ends Of The Neutral Axis Will Not Change When The Load ...
Construction Of Tee Caisson
Construction Of Tee Caisson. Wood Caisson. The Con Struction Of The Caisson Differs Materially With Its Depth. The Simplest Form Is Made By Erecting Studding By Toe-nailing Or Tenoning Them Into The Top Course Of The Crib And Spiking Planks On The Outside. For A Caisson 6 Or 8 Feet ...
Construction Of Tee Obib
Construction Of Tee Obib. The Crib Is A Timber Structure Below The Caisson, Which Transmits The Pressure To The Bed Of The Foundation. A Crib Is Essentially A Grillage (see § 705 And § 793) Which, Instead Of Being Built In Place, Is First Constructed And Then Sunk To Its ...
Construction Of Thl D
Construction Of Thl D. The Construction Of Coffer Dams Varies Greatly. In Still Shallow Water, A Well-built Bank Of Clay And Gravel Is Sufficient. If There Is A Slow Current, A Wall Of Bags Partly Filled With Clay And Gravel Does Fairly Well; And A Row Of Cement Barrels Filled ...
Cost Of Cofferdam Foundations
Cost Of Cofferdam Foundations. It Is Universally Admitted That Estimates For The Cost Of Foundations Under Water Are Very Unreliable, And None Are More So Than Those Contemplating The Use Of A Coffer-dam. The Estimates Of The Most Experienced Engineers Frequently Differ Greatly From The Actual Cost. The Difficulties Of ...
Cost Of Concrete
Cost Of Concrete. The Cost Of Concrete Depends Upon The Following: (1) The Unit Cost Of The Materials; (2) The Proportions; (3) The Character Of The Work—whether Foundation Work, Mass Concrete Above Ground, Or Reinforced-concrete Building Work,; (4) The Magnitude Of The Job; (5) The Cost Of Labor Per Hour; ...
Cost Of Conorets
Cost Of Conorets Rsta/21 11w Walls. Plain Concrete. For A Discussion Of The Various Items In The Cost Of Concrete, See 1 412-19; And For An Example Of The Cost Of A Plain Concrete Retaining Wall, See 1 423. Table 78 Shows The Cost (exclusive Of Excavation) Of A Plain ...
Cost Of Masonry
Cost Of Masonry. Labor Required In Quarrying.* "the Fol Lowing Table Shows The Labor Required In Quarrying The Stone [gneiss] For The Boyd's Corner Dam On The Croton River Near New York City. The Stone To Be Cut Was Split Out With Plugs And Feathers." Market Price Of Stone. Any ...
Cost Of Pneumatio Foundations
Cost Of Pneumatio Foundations. Of Course, The Cost Will Vary With The Depth, The Character Of The Soil, The Size Of The Caisson, Etc. Piers, One Of Which Was A Pivot Pier. There Were Two Cylinders, 8 Feet In Diameter And 82 Feet Long, Sunk Through 22 Feet Of Water ...
Cost Or Driving Bearing
Cost Or Driving Bearing Piles. There Are A Number Of Items Which Materially Affect The Cost Of Pile Driving, Which It Is Impossible To Include In A Brief Summary, But Which Must Not Be Forgotten In Using Such Data In Making Estimates. Among These Items Are: The Closeness To The ...
Crib And Open Caisson Process
Crib And Open-caisson Process. Unfortunately There Is An Ambiguity In The Use Of The Word Caisson. Formerly It Always Meant A Strong, Water Tight Box Having Vertical Sides And A Bottom Of Heavy Timbers, In Which The Pier Is Built And Which Sinks, As The Masonry Is Added, Until Its ...
Crushing Strength Of Cinder
Crushing Strength Of Cinder Concrete. Table 35, Page 202, Is The Summary Of Fifty-two Tests Of Portland-cement Cinder-concrete Cubes.* The Cinders Were Used As They Came From The Furnace Without Sifting, The. Larger Clinkers Only Having Been Broken. T Thrisiu Strength Of Concrete. A Knowledge Of The Ten Sile Strength ...
Deep Foundations
Deep Foundations. In The Preceding Sections Have Been Described The Methods Of Supporting A Structure Upon Soft Or Com Pressible Soil By Increasing The Area Of The Footing; But Under The Head Of "deep Foundations" Will Be Described The Methods Of Found Ing Upon A Hard Stratum Or Bed-rock Underlying ...
Definitions Of Hinds Of
Definitions Of Hinds Of Masonry.* Stone Masonry Is Classified (1) According To The Degree Of The Finish Of The Face Of The Stones, As Quarry-faced, Pitch-faced, And Cut-stone; (2) According To Whether The Horizontal Joints Are More Or Less Continuous, As Range, Broken Range, And Random; And (3) According To ...
Density Of Mortar
Density Of Mortar. The Density Of A Mortar Is Represented By The Ratio Of The Volume Of The Solid Particles To The Total Volume Of The Mortar.* The Density Is The Complement Of The Voids, I.e., 1—d=v In Which D Is The Density And V The Ratio Of The Volume ...
Depositing Concrete Under Water
Depositing Concrete Under Water. In Laying Concrete Under Water, An Essential Requisite Is That It Shall Not Fall From Any Height, But Be Deposited In The Allotted Place In A Compact Mass, As Otherwise The Cement Will Be Separated From The Other Ingredients And The Strength Of The Work Will ...
Description Of Piles
Description Of Piles. Piles May Be Divided. Into Bearing Piles And Sheet Piles. Bearing Piles May Be Composed Of Wood, Iron Or Steel, Or Concrete. Special Work Where The Driving Is Hard, Allowance Must Be Made For This Loss. Piles Are Generally Sharpened Before Being Driven; But Many Competent Engineers ...
Design Of Reinforoed Oonorete Retaining
Design Of Reinforoed-oonorete Retaining Walls. There Are Two Types Of Reinforced-concrete Retaining Walls, Viz.: (1) A Vertical Stem Which Resists The Thrust Of The Earth By Virtue Of Its Strength As A Cantilever Beam; And (2) A Comparatively Thin Face Or Curtain Wall Which Is Supported At Intervals By Counterforts. ...
Designing The Foundation
Designing The Foundation. The First Step Is To Ascertain The Load To Be Supported By The Foundation. This Load Consists Of Three Parts: (1) The Building Itself, (2) The Movable Loads On The Floors And The Snow On The Roof, And (3) The Part Of The Load That May Be ...
Desoription
Desoription Of Building Stones. A Few Of The More Prominent Classes Of Building Stones Will Now Be Briefly Described. Bodwell Granite Company Took Out From Its Quarries In Maine A Granite Shaft 115 Feet Long, 10 Feet Square At The Base, And Weighing 850 Tons. It Is Craimed That This ...
Details Of Construction
Details Of Construction. Within The Space Here Available It Is Not Possible To Give A Comprehensive Discussion Of This Branch Of The Subject; And Hence Only A Few General Principles Will Be Considered. Since Reinforced Concrete Construction Usually Consists Of Slabs, Beams, Columns, Or Comparatively Thin Walls, The Cost Of ...
Details Of Construction
Details Of Construction. It Is Universally Admitted That A Large Majority—by Some Put At Nine Out Of Ten, And By Others At Ninety Nine Out Of A Hundred—of Failures Of Retaining Walls Are Due To De Fects In The Foundation. The General Method Of Securing A Good Foundation Has Already ...
Details Of Construction_2
Details Of Construction. In This Article A Few Details Of Construction Will Be Briefly Considered, And Illustrations Will Be Given Of Actual Arches And Centers. Backing Is Masonry Of Inferior Quality Laid Outside And Above The Arch Stones Proper, To Give Additional Security. The Backing Is Ordinarily Coursed Or Random ...
Dimznsions Or
Dimznsions Or Acruil Arches. Table 90, Page 648. Shows The Dimensions Of A Number Of The Longest Voussoir Arche In The World, Which May Be Taken As Representative Of Good Practice. Because Of The Impossibility 'of Obtaining All Of The Dimensions, A Few Arches Have Been Omitted Whose Spans Are ...