The Problem Of Center
The Problem Of Center Construction. The Framing, Setting Up, And Removing Of The Center Is An Important Feature Of The Construction Of An Arch. Since The Center Is A Temporary Structure, It Should Be Made With The Least Possible Expenditure For Materials And Labor, And With The Greatest Salvage Of ...
Theories Of Lateral Pressure
Theories Of Lateral Pressure Or Earth. The Numerous Theories Of The Lateral Pressure Of Earth May Be Divided Into Two Classes, Viz.: 1. The First Class Consists Of Those Theories That Assume That When A Retaining Wall Fails, A Prism Of Earth Severs Its Connection From The Bank And Slides ...
Theory O Oiroiimferential Reinforoement
Theory O! Oiroiimferential Reinforoement. If A Ma Terial Is Subjected To Compression And Restrained Laterally, Lateral Com Pressive Stresses Will Be Developed Which Tend To Neutralize The Principal Compressive Stresses And Thus Increase The Resistance To Rup Ture. If The Lateral Stresses Were Equal To The Principal Stresses, There Would ...
Theory O Tabiiity Or
Theory O! $tabii.ity Or An Abiirnent. The Abutment Of An Ordinary Bridge Has Two Offices To Perform, Viz.: (1) To Support One End Of The Bridge, And (2) To Keep The Earth Embankment From Sliding Into The Water. In Fig. 126, The Portion Degf Serves Both These Purposes, While The ...
Theory Of Flexure Of
Theory Of Flexure Of Concrete Beams. The Theory Of Flexure For A Homogeneous Material, Like Steel Or Wood, Is Based Upon Two Fundamental Principles, Viz.: (1) A Plane Cross Section Of An Unloaded Beam Remains A Plane After Bending, And Hence The Unit Deformations Of The Fibers At Any Section ...
Theory Of Longitudinal Reinforoemint
Theory Of Longitudinal Reinforoemint. To Compute The Strength Of A Column Having Longitudinal Reinforcement, Let A = The Total Cross Section Of The Column, A, = The Cross Section Of The Steel, / , = The Unit Working Stress In The Concrete, N = Ratio Of The Modulus Of Elasticity ...
Theory Of Stability
Theory Of Stability. A Retaining Wall Proper May Fail (1) By Sliding On The Plane Of Any Horizontal Joint, Or (2) By Over Turning About The Front Edge Of Any Horizontal Joint, Or (3) By Crushing At The Front Edge Of Any Horizontal Section. The Preceding Methods Of Failure Refer ...
Theory Of Stability
Theory Of Stability. There Are Two Classes Of Theories Of The Stability Of The Masonry Arch—the Line Of Thrust Theories And The Elastic Deformation Theories. The Line Of Thrust Theory Considers The Stability Of The Arch Ring As Depending Upon The Friction And The Reactions Between The Sev Eral Arch ...
Timber In Foundations
Timber In Foundations. The Free Use Of Timber In Founda Tions Is The Chief Difference Between American And European Methods Of Founding Masonry In Deep Water. The Consideration That Led To The Introduction Of Timber In Foundations Was Its Cheapness. Many Of The More Important Bridges Built Before 1870 Rest ...
To Find The True
To Find The True Equilibrium Polygon. The Third Step (§ 1310) Is To Construct On The Line Kk, Fig. 230, Page 675, An Equilibrium Polygon Which Will Satisfy The Conditions: I Ck = 0, R Ck. X = 0, And F Ck. Y = I Ak. Y. The Equilibrium Polygon ...
Transverse Strength Of Brion
Transverse Strength Of Brion Masonry. Occasion Ally The Transverse Strength Of Brick-work Is Of Importance. For Example, If A Wall Is To Be Built Upon A Beam Spanning An Opening, It Is Necessary To Know The Load That Will Come Upon The Beam; Or Again, If An Opening Is To ...
Uses Of Lime Mortar
Uses Of Lime Mortar. Mortar Composed Of Common Lime And Sand Is Not Fit For Thick Walls, Because It Depends Upon The Slow Action Of The Atmosphere For Hardening It; And, Being Excluded From The Air By The Surrounding Masonry, The Mortar In The Interior Of The Mass Hardens Only ...
Vitrified Pipe Culverts
Vitrified Pipe Culverts. Vitrified Sewer Pipes Are Extensively Employed For Small Culverts Under Highways, Although In The Northern States, Monolithic Concrete Seems To Be Displacing The Larger Sizes. Formerly, Such Culverts Were Quite Common Under Steam Railroads; But In Recent Years Many Of The Railroads, At Least In The Northern ...
Waterproof Concrete
Waterproof Concrete. For Some Purposes Water-tight Concrete Is Very Important, As, For Example, To Keep Dry An Inclosed Space Below The Water Level, Or For Tanks, Aqueducts, Or Sewers. In Aqueducts And Sewers It Is Required Only That The Leakage Shall Be Small In Comparison With The Liquid Conveyed; While ...
Waterproof Mortar
Waterproof Mortar. A Non-absorbent And Impermeable Mortar Is Important In All Forms Of Masonry Construction, And In Some Cases Such A Mortar Is Vitally Essential. If The Mortar Is Porous, It Will Absorb Water, Which May Freeze And Cause Disintegration; And If The Mortar Is Permeable, It May Permit Water ...
Waterway Required
Waterway Required. The Determination Of The Amount Of Waterway Required In Any Given Case Is A Problem That Does Not Admit Of An Exact Mathe Matical Solution. Although The Proportioning Of Culverts Is In A Measure Indeterminate, It Demands An Intelligent Treatment. If The Culvert Is Too Small, It Is ...
Watirproof Brim Masonry
Watirproof Brim Masonry. It Is Often Necessary To Prevent The Percolation Of Water Through Brick Walls. This May Be Accomplished In Any Of Three Ways, Viz.: (1) By Surrounding The Wall With An Impervious Shield Of Tarred Paper Or Bituminous Felt, Or (2) By Making The Masonry Itself Impermeable, Or ...
Weight Of Stone
Weight Of Stone. Weight Or Density Is An Important Property, Since Upon It Depends To A Large Extent The Strength And Durability Of The Stone. If It Is Desired To Find The Exact Weight Per Cubic Foot Of A Given Stone, It Is Generally Easier To Find Its Specific Gravity ...
Wing
Wing Abvtnz Rrs. Cooper's Standard. Fig. 131, Page 541, Shows An Abutment With Splayed Wings Recommended For Country Highway And Electric Railway Bridges.t The Variable Dimensions Of The Top Of The Abutment Are Given In Table 80, Page 540. This Form Is Intended To Be Built Of Either Masonry Or ...
Working Stress For Beams
Working Stress For Beams. Impact Of Live Load. It Is Well Known That The Live Load, Owing To Its Motion Or Impact, Pro Duces Greater Stresses Than The Same Load At Rest; But The Amount Of This Increased Effect Is Largely A Matter Of Judgment. The Effect Of The Live ...
Working Stress For Columns
Working Stress For Columns. Compression On Concrete. A Comparison Of The Results In Table 45, Page 244, With Those In Tables 29 (page 195), 30 (page 196) And 31 (page 197) Shows That Con Crete In The Form Of A Column Is Not As Strong As In A Cube Doubtless ...