Nov. 4, 189o, what was left of the sultanate was proclaimed a British protectorate, in comformity with conventions by which Great Britain on her part ceded Heli goland to Germany and renounced all claims to Madagascar in favour of France. On the death of the then sultan, Sayyid Hamoud bin Thwain, in Aug. 1896, his cousin, Sayyid Khalid, proclaimed himself sultan, and seized the palace. The British Government dis approved, and to compel Khalid's submission the palace was born barded by warships. Khalid fled to the German consulate, whence he was removed to German East Africa, and Hamoud bin Moham med, brother of Hamoud bin Thwain, was installed sultan by the British representative (Aug. 27, 1896). The Government was reconstituted under British auspices in Oct. 1891, when Sir Lloyd Mathews was appointed prime minister, a title afterwards changed to first minister. In 1897 after a long agitation the legal status of slavery was abolished, compensation being given to the slave owners, mostly Arabs, who had used slave labour for the clove plantations. In 1913 the control of the protectorate was trans ferred to the Colonial Office. At first the British agent and consul general in Zanzibar also administered the East Africa Protectorate (Kenya colony). This arrangement ceased in 1904; the Colonial Office (in 1913) made the governor of the East Africa Protector ate high commissioner for Zanzibar, local affairs being entrusted to a British resident, who took over the functions of first minister. But the governor had little time to spare for the sultanate and the office of high commissioner was abolished in 1925. Since then
the British resident has been directly responsible to the Colonial Office. An advisory council was created but was replaced in 1926 by a nominated legislative council.
Although the administration was controlled by the British resident the sultan continued to exercise much authority. Sayyid Khalifa bin Harud (born 1879), who became sultan in 1911, was a great-nephew of Bargash. He worked in full agreement with the British and as the leading Muslim prince in East Africa his moder ating influence did much to steady Muslim opinion in that part of Africa during the World War. The most dramatic incident of the war, for Zanzibar, was the sinking of the ancient British cruiser "Pegasus" by the German cruiser "Konigsberg" on Sept. 20, 1914, the "Pegasus" being at the time at anchor in Zanzibar road stead, undergoing repairs. During the War, in 1917, the Sayyid Khalid, who had lived in German East Africa since his attempt to seize the throne, surrendered to the British. He was deported to St. Helena, but in 1921 was allowed to live in Mombasa, where he died in 1927.
of Information concerning . . . Zanzibar (War Office, 1902) ; H. S. Newman, Banani, the Transition from Slav ery to Freedom in Zanzibar (1898) ; R. N. Lyne, Zanzibar in Contem porary Times (19o5) ; J. E. Craster, Pemba: The Spice Island of Zanzibar (1913) ; Maj. F. B. Pearce (sometime British resident), Zanzibar, the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa (1920). See also the annual reports issued by the Colonial Office, London, and consult the bibliography under KENYA COLONY. (F. R. C.)