There are also two short essays, attributed to him, on the polit ical constitution of Sparta and Athens, written with a decided bias in favour of the former, which he praises without attempting to criticize. Sparta seems to have presented to Xenophon the best conceivable mixture of monarchy and aristocracy. The second is certainly not by Xenophon, but was probably written by a member of the oligarchical party at Athens shortly after the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
In the essay on the Revenues of Athens (written in 355 B.C.) he offers suggestions for making Athens less dependent on tribute received from its allies. Above all, he would have Athens use its influence for the maintenance of peace in the Greek world and for the settlement of questions by diplomacy, the temple at Delphi being for this purpose an independent centre and supplying a divine sanction.
The Apology, Socrates's defence before his judges, in the gen eral opinion of modern critics is not a genuine work of Xenophon, but belongs to a much later period.
The editions of Xenophon's works, both complete and of separate portions, are very numerous, especially of the Anabasis; only a selection can be given here. Editio princeps (1516, incomplete) ; E. C. Marchant (19oo-1912, in the Clarendon Press Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca). Anabasis: J. F. Macmichael (1883) ; C. W. Kruger and W. Piikel (1888) ; W. Gemoll (1899). Cyropaedia: G. M. Gorham (187o) ; L. Breitenbach (1875) ; A. Hug (1883) ; F. Hertlein and W. Nitsche (1886) ; H. A. Holden (1887-9o). Hellenica: L.
Breitenbach (1874-84) ; R. Biichsenschiitz (188o-91) ; 0. Keller (189o) ; G. E. Underhill, Commentary on the Hellenica (i.-vii., 190o). Memorabilia: A. R. Cluer (188o) ; R. Kiihner (1882) ; L. Breitenbach (1889) ; J. Marshall (189o). Oeconomicus: H. A. Holden (1895) C. Graux and A. Jacob (1886). Hiero: H. A. Holden (1888). Agesilaus: R. W. Taylor (188o) ; 0. Giithling (1888). Resp. Lace daem.: G. Pierleoni (19o5). Resp. Athenienszum: A. Kirchhoff (1874) ; E. Belot (188o) ; H. Muller and Striibing (188o) ; E. Kalinka (i9i3). Cynegeticus: G. Pierleoni (1902). Hzppike: Tommasini (1902). Reditus Athen.: A. Zurborg (1876). Scripta Minora: L. Dindorf (1888). There is a good English translation of the complete works by H. G. Dakyns (189o-94), and of the Art of Horsemanship by M. H. Morgan (U.S.A., 189o). Of general works bearing on the subject may be mentioned: G. Sauppe, Lexilogus Xenophonteus (1869) ; A. Croiset, X., son caractere et son talent (1873) ; I. Hart mann, Analecta Xenophontea (1887) and Analecta Xenophontea Nova (1889) ; C. Joel, Der echte und der Xenophonteische Socrates (1892) ; Lange, X., sein Leben, seine Geistesart und seine Werke (1900). See also GREECE: Ancient History, § "Authorities," and works quoted; J. B. Bury, Ancient Greek Historians (19o9). Bibliographies in Engel mann-Preuss, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum (i., 188o) and in C. Bursian's Jahresbericht (c., 190o) by E. Richter. (E. M. WA.)