the Verticillata is of one leaf, in ferior. Corolla of one petal, irregular, in most in stances gaping, with two lips, the uppermost of which was called by Rivinus the galea, or helmet, the lowermost the barba, or beard. Stamens four, except in the several genera just mentioned, where they are only two, infiexed, ascending under the up per lip. Germens four, from between which the style arises, as in the Asperifolia, which is wavy, so litary, except in Perilla, where there are two, and bearing two acute stigmas. Seeds four, naked, ha sium excepted, whose seeds have a succulent skin, causing them to resemble berries. A berry, proper ly speaking, is a seed-vessel ; but in Rosa it is the calyx, in Fragaria the receptacle, and in Praises the skin of the seeds." " Many of this order are humble shrubs, none are trees, most of them are annual or perennial herbs. The stem is generally square. Leaves in every in stance opposite; simple, mostly undivided. None of the plants are furnished with tendrils, nor of a climb ing nature. The scent of nearly all of them is high ly fragrant, the odoriferous matter being contained in minute cells, which, when the leaves are held against the light, appear like numerous perfora tions." " The flowers usually stand in whorls, encircling the stem as with a ring. When these whorls ap proach very closely together, the stems appear spiked, as in Origanum." " This order is in the highest degree natural; whence arises great difficulty in determining the ge nera. Linnteus has derived a character from the calyx, according to which the whole order is divided into two sections." " The first of these comprehends such as have a five-cleft calyx, that is, where all the teeth of this part are nearly of equal size and shape. The second consists of those with a two-lipped calyx, which is indeed five-cleft, but its two upper segments are, in a manner, united into one, which might almost be termed emarginate only ; while between these two united segments and the remaining three, there is so deep a fissure, at each side, that the calyx is nearly divided into
parts, or lobes. Lituueus has be stowed great attention in searching for the essential characters of genera in this natural order, and has detected several, which are marked in the Systema Vegetabilium with a sign of exclamation." Order 43. Dubious. " Duman and wants are synonymous, meaning a thicket ; or wood consist ing of shrubs, not of large trees. All the plants of this order are shrubby, but none of them, except in the genera of Sideroxylum and Chrysophyllson, grow to large trees." " Rhamnus is supposed to be familiar to every body. Its calyx is tubular, five-cleft at the margin, occasionally coloured, like a corolla, but not perfo rated at the bottom. A monopetalous corolla falls off, with a perforated tube ; which is not the case here. But betwixt every two segments of the calyx is stationed a delicate little scale, which any person might easily take for so many petals. The stamens however, being placed under each scale, are there fore alternate with the divisions of the calyx ;.where as if these scales were real petals, the stamens ought, by a general rule, to be alternate with them, and not with the parts into which the calyx is divided. Some species, as the Buckthorn, R. catharticus, have four cleft flowers, but they are mostly five-cleft. This last-mentioned, ljke R. alpinus, is dioecious ; Zizy ?kits is polygamous. The stigma in some Raanni n emarginate, in others three or four-cleft. The frith of this genus is various ; a berry in some with four seeds, in ethers, as Paliurus and Alaternus, with three ; in others again it has a single seed with. two cells, as in Ziayplisas. Paliurus has not, properly, a berry, but a depressed, bordered, shield-like capsule. The stem in some , is thorny, in others prickly, in others unarmed." " French botanists have recommended the divid ing of this genus into several, a measure which ap pears highly proper to those who have not seen the Indian species. If such genera are to be distinguish ed by their fruit, species most resembling each other will be put asunder, and widely different ones brought together, as any person making the experiment will find. Besides, the structure of the flower, and the habit of the plants, are respectively so alike in all the species in question, and so different from all the rest of the order, that any peasant might perceive their affinity." "Phylica agrees in almost every point with Mama our, except that its flowers are aggregate, and florets +superior. This genus is so nearly akin. to Brunia, that without seeing the fruit, which very rattly oc curs, they can scarcely be distinguished. Phylica nadiata therefore, universally . esteemed a "Ow, proves, on the• detection of its fruit, to be a Bru nie." " Ceanothus, with its'three-lobed fruit, like that of Manassas Waterman, agrees in every character with /Mamma ; but the scales of that genus are here drawn out into vaulted petals, supported by long claws." " Biittneria differs in hardly any respect from Rhamium, except its anthers ; for the calyx, prickles, and every thing else, answer so well, that at first sight one would decidedly take it for a species thereof." " Sideroxylum has a five-cleft calyx, and at the .
same time a monopetalous corolla ; but between all the segments of the latter stands a little serrated
tooth, analogous to the scales of Rhatnnus. The -
flowers are likewise sessile on the stem, but the berry
one seed." " Ch yllum is so nearly akin, and so similar, to Siderouy um, as • hardly to be di;tinguishable by its general aspect ; but its fruit contains many seeds, though indeed they are disposed in a circle." " Achras differs from Chrysophylkon in having a six-cleft flower ; and to this genus Prinos is very nearly related, differing in the fiat-form of the co rolla, and fewer cells of the fruit." " Iles so nearly accords with the last-mentioned genus, that the only Prinos then known was origi nally taken for an Rex ;. but the flower of Rex is four-cleft, not six-cleft." " Tomes and Callicarpa only differ from Rex in having a single style, and not four- stigmas. The berry of Callicarpa is like that of Rex. In Tomes the stamens are inserted into the receptacle, whereas in Callicarpa they are attached to the tube of the monopetalous corolla." These genera have since been united by the author himself.
" Emporium is so nearly allied to Tomes, as scarce ly to.be distinguishable, except by having a capsule instead of a berry. Its seeds moreover have a pulpy tunic.' Celastrus, though differing from Enonymus in having alternate leaves, is so much akin to that ge nus, as to have been called Euenystus by all syste matic writers. Yet its fruit differs in number and proportion from Eueneynnes, just as
does. from Rana. The tunic of the seeds however, though not pulpy, confirms the affinity to which we allude. Some botanists, especially the French, are unwilling to admit plants with opposite leaves and alternate ones into the same natural order, and they are right; yet this character is not absolute, for such a differ ence often occurs in one and the same genus." " Viburnum and Canine come so near together, that there is rather a question respecting the dis: tinction of the genera themselves, than of their na tural order. Cassese has three seeds, Viburnum one, which seems two combined. The former is akin to Sambucus, and, like that genus, emetic in quality. Concerning the affinity. of Viburnum to Rex and Cal licarpa, any person, who considers •their fructification and habit, can have no doubt. Thus far therefore the matter is clear." "- &albums- may excite some mistrust, because of its iambs fruit; yet this is the case in Phylica, about which nobody has ever doubted. The leaves, aspect, and stipules indeed seem to indicate some thing extraneous, and leave us in uncertainty." " So Rhus has much the same sort of fructifica tion, and a berry with one seed ; as well as the closest affinity to Sambucus, insomuch that if Sambucus be kept in this order, Rhus must accompany it. So also must the sister shrubs Schinsis and Fagara." " The DUMOSCE all agree in malignant qualities. They are either purgative, or altogether poisonous, as Sideroxylum is known to be at the Cape. Nor are the species of Sambucus clear of this charge, for their qualities are either nauseous or foetid, and therefore sudorific, especially the berries and flowers. The bark, taken internally, is either emetic, or pow erfully purgative, as its vinous infusion proves in the dropsy ; externally it is a powerful repellent." " Rhus is the most venomous of trees, particular , ly its American three-leaved species, called Toxico dendra, or Poison-trees. Their fumes in burning arc said to have proved mortal, and their effluvia to have blinded an artist who was at work upon some of the wood. Those who, being in a perspiration, hold a branch of one of these shrubs in the hand, are seized with an eruption over the whole body." " The bark of Rhamnus Frangula is our beet in digenous purge, and a syrup of Rhammus catharticus is safely used for children." " In this tribe, therefore, some have opposite, others alternate. leaves, nor is any general character to be derived from the parts of fructification. The _ corolla affords none, being either of one or five pe tals, or altogether absent, as appears from a contem plation of the characters of the different genera. No mark is to be obtained from the nature of the fruit, that being either a berry, drupe, or capsule. The seeds in some instances are solitary, in others numerous, though never more than one in each cell ; and it is well worthy of observation that they are at - tached, as in the Gymnotetrasperme, by their base. These plants betray some affinity to the Tricocce, but can never be referred to the same order." In the Linna-an manuscript before us Diosma and Hartogia are introduced between Callicarpa and Emonymus; see our remark on the 46th order. Staphylea is also subjoined, near Celastrus, but with two marks of doubt, and a note of its having a nec tary, as well as opposite leaves.
SEPIAluit. " An these are shrubby or arborescent. Leaves opposite, with scarcely any .evident stipules. Flowers disposed in a more or less , dense panicle. Calyx four-cleft. Corolla four-cleft, regular. Staniens two. Pistil one, with a cloven stigma. Fruit either a drupe, with one, two, or many, seeds, or a capsule." No manuscript remark occurs here, nor is there any observation worth copying in the lectures, ex cept that Olea is said by Linnaeus to be scarcely a distinct genus from Phillyrea.