Cotton, according to Beanjour, ranks first among the staple exports of Greece, and four-fifths of the trade in this article is conducted at Salonica. Ort an average of the ten years ending 1797, the dis trict of Sores in Macedonia, where the most exten sive cotton plantations in Greece are, furnished. 50,000 bales; or 5,000,000 okes for exportation, of which three-fifths trent to Germany. The price varied from 80 to 160 aspres the oke, or averaged about a piastre. But in 1809 the export of cotton from Saloniea amounted to 110,000 bales, or 11,000,000 tikes, and the price having risen to 60, .85, and even 90 pares, must have averaged nearly at two piastres the oke. The export of the Mores, which, according to Pouqueville, consisted, about 1800, of two cargoes, probably 400,000 okes, must have increased from the same causes, and may be estimated at 600,000 okes. About 72,000 okes were shipped from Salons in 1805. Considerable quantities of cotton are raised in Albania, and more in Thessaly ; and though a great proportion of these is consumed within the country, a part is ex ported by the ports of Volo, Arta, and probably also by Butrinto and Avlona. If we add for the exportation of these districts a quantity double of that of the Mores, or 1,200,000 okes, we may form a loose estimate of the whole export of cotton from Greece ; which would thus amount, about 1809, to 12,872,000 okes, or 35,398,000 pounds,—a quantity nearly equal to what was exported by the United States in 1805. The value of this, estimated at 11 piastre the oke, would be 22,526,000 piastres, or about L.1,200,000 Sterling (taking the piastre at Is. ld. the value given by Dr Holland, from whom most of the statements are taken). The opening of the Continent, however, in 1813, for the admis sion of West Indian and American •cottons, must have produced a great diminution in this branch of trade. * The trade in tohecto, of which Salonica is also the chief seat, seems to have latterly declined. &enjoin estimates the annual export of this article, between 17217 and 1797, at 60,000 bales, which went chiefly to Egypt, Barbary, Italy, and Germa ny ; but Dr Holland, who travelled in 1812, esti mates it only at 30,000 bales, or 3,000,000 of okes. The Mores, and the southern parts of Greece, ge nerally raise little tobacco, but import a great part of what they use from Macedonia and Anatolia. Albania and Thessaly, however, yield a large pro duce, and export to some extent. We have no ac count of the precise quantity, but if we suppose it to be one-fifth of what is shipped at Salonica, the whole export of this article would amount to 3;600,000 okes, which, valued at 36 aspres the oke (about lid. the pound), including custom-house duties, would amount to 1,080,000 piastres, or L.67,500. t The exportation of dim to foreign countries is prohibited in Turkey, but is carried on to a great extent clandestinely, by the begs and pachas them selves, Or by merchants to whom they sell, for a large sum, the privilege of violating the law. Dur ing the unsettled state of the west of Europe, the trade of Greece in corn seems to have increased ra pidly. According to Beaujour, the export from the fertile provinces of Thessidy and Macedonia, by the ports of. Salonica, Orphano, and Volo, consisted an nually of 80 cargoes to other parts of Turkey, and 40 to France and Italy, making in all 1,200,000 kilos. In 1809 Dr Holland estimates the export from Salonica alone at 1,000,000 kilos of wheat, 500,000 barley, and 100,000 maize, altogether equal to about 200,000 quarters. About 50 cargoes of wheat and maize are cent from Arta to Sicily, Meta ta, and the Ionian isles ; 100,000 kilos from Salona, and 250,000 from Livadia. The Mores., according to Pouqueville, sends out eight cargoes, or, according to Scrofani, about 240,000 kilos. If we put these quantities together, taking the cargo, according to Beaujour's valuation, at 10,000 kilos, and allow for the exports of Thessaly by the Gulf of Volo (which is not included in Dr Holland's statement), and of North Albania by Avlona, Durazzo, and other ports, a quantity equal to what is shipped at Arta, we shall have, for the whole export of continental Greece, in corn, 3,190,000 kilos, or 400,000 quar ters.. The greater part of this consists of wheat, the price of which was latterly from 56 to 66 pi astres the kilo. Beaujour states the'Value of bread corn in his time at 26 piastres ; and Scrofani reck ons the grain of all kinds exported from the Gulf of Arta worth 3 piastres the kilo. If we assume the average in 1809 to be 4i piastres, the value of the whole exportation would be about 14,950,000 piastres, or L.809,700 Sterling. t This may be considered as the true varue of the grain, only a small share of which, however, goes into the pocket of the grower, imposts and exactions by the public _ _ .
reference to the extent and circumstances of the country, the exportation now stated is very large. Estimating the whole population at 2,500,000, and allowing a septier of corn (about 4i bushels) to each, according to Beaujour's calculation, the whole consumption of the country will only amount to 1,400,000 quarters; and the corn exported will form nearly one-fourth of the entire produce.
It has been stated that only a small proportion of the wool of Greece is wrought up in the country ; but the amount of the export does not seem to war rant this assertion. From Salonica, according to Beaujour, the quantity exported is about 500,000 okes annually ; from Salons, in 1805, it was 140,000 okes ; from the Morea, according to Pouqueville, two cargoes, or, according to Scrofani, 340,000 okes. As sheep-farming is a leading occupation in Thes saly, and still more in Albania, the quantity ex ported from these countries (independently of what is carried inland to Salonica), and from )Etolia and Attica, cannot be less than from Macedonia and the Mores together ; and on these data the whole ex port of wool may be loosely estimated at 1,800,000 okes (4,950,000 pounds), which, at the average price of 20 pares the oke, is worth about L.56,000 Sterling. Considering the reputed number of flocks in Greece, and the small proportion of the wool said to be used in domestic manufactures, this esti mate is probably below the truth. The Jews of Salonica, who were refugees from Spain two centu ries ago, obtained from the Ottoman government the privilege of buying up one-fifth of the wools grown in Macedonia, at 4 pares the pound • and this oppressive privilege they are still permitted to retain and abuse. t The exports of Attica in olive oil, according to Beau jour, are 150,000 measures (of 12 pounds each), or about 14,000 barrels, at 48 okes to the barrel. Those of the Mores, according to Scrofani, are 21,000 bar rels ; Salons, in 1815, shipped 5000 barrels; and large quantities are sent out from the Gulfs of Valo and Arta, from Avlona, and probably from Salonica and Orphan. Considering the extent to which this tree is cultivated over all Greece, the annual pro duce for exportation would certainly be moderately estimated at twice the amount of the quantities above enumerated, or 80,000 barrels. The value of this, at 20 piastres the barrel, is L.100,000 Sterling. t.
The commerce in currants centers chiefly in Pa trass, from which, according to Beaujour, 8,000,000 pounds are annually exported, the total value of which, at 80 piastres the pounds, is L. 40,000 Sterling. Dr Holland states the export from Patrass at 5,000,000 pounds ; Scrofani at 6,000,000. (Beaujour, Let. viii. ; Holland, 4.33.) The only exportable commodity, worth nam ing, possessed by Attica, besides oil, is its honey, which is famed over all Turkey. Of this article and wax it exports to the value of 100,000 piastres. Twenty or thirty cargoes of timber are sent from the Gulf of Arta, besides large quantities from Ma cedonia and Thessaly ; and from one or other of these districts are also exported silk, wine, hare. skins, honey, opium, drugs, bees-wax, carpets, and some capots, and other coarse woollen cloths. Ver million and madder are exported from Livadia. Or the nature and extent of this trade, we can only form a judgment, by referring to that of the Morea. Be sides the produce of corn, oil, currants, cotton, and wool, formerly mentioned, the Mores exports, on an average, according to Scrofani, silk, to the value of 407,000 piastres ; cheese, 459,000 piastres ; cattle, 240,000; fruits, 129,000; dye-stuffs, 202,000; wax and honey, 140,000. These, with smaller ar ticles, to the value of 238,000 piastres, make a total of 1,725,000 piastres. From this must be deduct ed the value of goods sent to other parts of Greece, supposing it to equal the imports of the same descrip tion, viz. 816,000 piastres, which leaves 1,409,000 piastres. If we suppose the trade of the north of Greece, in these miscellaneous articles, to be three times as great as that of the Morea (the ratio of the population is about 5 to 1), or 4,227,000 piastres, we have a sum of 5,950,000 piastres, or L. 377,000, to add to the value of the exports of Greece, in the great articles formerly enumerated, § and the whole will stand thus :— Total exports of Continental Greece, L. 2,649,700 We are sensible that so many uncertain elements enter into this table as to detract greatly from its authority ; but the reader is aware of the data from which it is compiled, and can judge for himself. The multitude of particular facts, given by different travellers, seem to be of little value, except as mate rials for some such general estimate, and the writer of an article of this kind is evidently in a better situa tion to form such an estimate than an ordinary reader.