The most remarkable mountains are those of the Hartz Forest, three-fifths of which are in this king dom, and two-fifths in the Duchy of Brunswick. These mountains are not a part of any chain, but rise from a plain in a groups by themselves, the highest points of which are nearly in the centre. The mass is about eighty miles in length from east to west, and about twenty-eight in breadth from north to south. The highest points, and their height above the level of the sea, are Bruchberg, 3020 feet ; Wormberg, 2880 feet; Achtermanshohe, 2710 feet ; the little Winterberg, 2684 feet ; Kahlenberg, 2180 feet ; and the Rammelsberg, 1915 feet. These moun tains are wholly covered with forests. On their lower sides the trees are of the deciduous kinds, but the summits are exclusively pines. These moun tains abound with minerals of almost every kind, and the principal employment of the inhabitants is either in mining, or In manufacturing the iron and copper into domestic utensils. Some of the mining and manufacturing towns, as Klausthal, Andreas berg, Cellerfeld, and several others, are from 17(10 to 1900 feet above the level of the sea; and their po pulation would suffer most severely from the cold of the severe winters, but for the abundance of both wood and fossil coal with which they are supplied.
The whole of the kingdom of Hanover dips to wards the north, and the courses of all the river/5 are in that direction. These are, fret, the Elbe, which borders a large part of the dominion, and re ceives into it the Ohre, which rises in the province of Luneburg ; the Aland and the Jeetze, which come out of Prussia, and are navigable before they terminate in the Elbe ; the Ihnenau, which becomes navigable at Luneburg ; the Este, which is naviga ble to Buxtehude; the Lithe, navigable to Horn burg; the Schwinge, by which vessels reach Stade ; the Oste, which passes Harburg, and is navigable to Kirchosters ; and the Medem, which runs through the land Hadeln, and admits large vessels as high as Ottendorf. Second, the Weser, which enters the
dominions of Hanover at Miinden, being there form ed by the junction of the Fulda and the Werra. It is navigable for barges from the spot at which its name commences. It receives, in its course, the Hamel, the Aller, the Oertze, the Line, the Bohme, the Eyther, the Wfinune, the Lesuni (formed by the three streams, Rodau, Wide, and Worpe), the Greste and the Hunter; all of which are Hanoverian rivers, and continue their, united courses till they are lost in the German Ocean near Bremen. Third, the Ems, a river rising in the Prussian province of West phalia. After entering Hanover, it receives the wa ters of the Aa, the Hase, the Else, and the Leda. Before reaching the sea, it falls into the Dollart near Emden, which is the principal sea port in the king dom. The vessels belonging to this port are about 270, and their tonnage 19,289 lasts. There are equipped at the mouth of this river upwards of fifty