KELLOGG, FRANK BILLINGS 1,...5_ ( 6 ,-1937), American diplomat and lawyer, was born at Potsdam, N.Y., on Dec. 22, 1856. In 1865 he went with his parents to Minnesota, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1877. He practised in Rochester, Minn., for ten years, removing in 1887 to St. Paul. He was retained as special counsel for the United States in the actions against the Paper Trust and in the Standard Oil case. He also appeared as special counsel for the Interstate Commerce Commission in the investigation of the Harriman railways, and for the United States in the action to dissolve the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific railway merger. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1904, 1908 and 1912, and was elected U.S. senator from Minnesota for the term 1917-23. He was also U.S. delegate to the fifth International Conference of American States at Santiago, Chile, 1923. In 1924 he was appointed ambassador to Great Britain, succeeding G. B. M. Harvey. He resigned in Feb. 1925, to accept an appointment in the cabinet of President Coolidge as secretary of State, which office he held until April, 1929.
In this capacity he protested firmly against the threatened forfeiture of American rights in lands in Mexico under new laws of retroactive effect. He advocated intervention in Nicaragua to sup press a rebellion and pacify the country until a fair election could be held. He secured a treaty with Panama for co-operation
in protection of the Panama Canal in case of war. He made a firm stand in China for the protection of American lives and property. He received much criticism from the liberal press for many of these acts on the ground that they were too aggressive, also for his decisions as to the exclusion of certain foreigners un der the undesirable alien exclusion acts. He aided the Treasury Department in negotiating debt-funding agreements with Euro pean countries. He aided in bringing about a conference with Great Britain and Japan on limitation of naval armaments, (Geneva, 1927), and in the discussion of the Tacna-Arica dispute between Chili, Peru and Bolivia. In 1928, he attended the Sixth Pan American Conference at Havana, Cuba. His most important achievement, doubtless, was bringing about the signing of a multi lateral treaty for the renunciation of war, known as the "Pact of Paris" (see OUTLAWRY OF WAR) by 15 principal nations at Paris Aug. 27, 1928. The contracting parties, in the language of the treaty, "condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies and renounce it as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another."