When submission to Rome had somewhat improved his posi tion he squandered his last resources in a new and unsuccessful war with France (1214), and enraged the feudal classes by new claims for military service and scutages. The barons were con sequently able to exact, in Magna Carta (June 1215), much more than the redress of legitimate grievances; and the people allowed the Crown to be placed under the control of an oligarchical com mittee. When once the sovereign power had been thus divided, the natural' consequence was civil war and the intervention of the French king, who had long watched for some such opportunity. John's struggle against the barons and Prince Louis (I 2 16) , after wards King Louis VIII., was the most creditable episode of his career. He died on Oct. 19, 1216.
John's second wife, Isabella of Angouleme (d. 1246), who married her former lover, Hugh of Lusignan, after the English king's death, bore the king two sons, Henry III. and Richard, earl of Cornwall; and three daughters, Joan (1210-38), wife of Alexander II., king of Scotland, Isabella (d. 1241), wife of the em peror Frederick II., and Eleanor (d. wife of William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, and then of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester. John had also two illegitimate sons, and a daughter, Joan or Joanna, who married Llewelyn I. ab Iorwerth, prince of North Wales, and who died in 1236 or 1237.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The chief chronicles for the reign are Gervase of Canterbury's Gesta regum, Ralf of Coggeshall's Chronicon, Walter of Coventry's Memoriale, Roger of Wendover's Flores hidoriarum, the Annals of Burton, Dunstaple and Margan—all in the Rolls Series. The
French chronicle of the so-called "Anonyme de Bethune" (Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, vol. xxiv.), the Histoire des dues de Normandie et des rois d'Angleterre (ed. F. Michel, 1840) and the metrical biography of William the Marshal (Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, ed. Paul Meyer, 3 vols., 1891, etc.) throw valu able light on certain episodes. H. S. Sweetman's Calendar of Docu ments relating to Ireland, vol. i. (Rolls Series) ; W. H. Bliss's Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers, vol. i. (Rolls Series) ; Potthast's Regesta pontificum, vol. i. (Berlin, 1874) ; Sir T. D. Hardy's Rotuli litterarum clausarum (Rec. Commission, 5835) and Rotuli litterarum patentium (Rec. Commission, 1835) and L. Delisle's Catalogue des actes de Philippe Auguste (1856) are the most important guides to the docu ments. Of modern works W. Stubbs's Constitutional history, vol. i. (Oxford, 1897) ; the same writer's preface to Walter of Coventry, vol. ii. (Rolls Series) ; K. Norgate's John Lackland (1902) ; C. Petit Dutaillis' Etude sur la vie et le regne de Louis VIII. W. S. McKechnie's Magna Carta (19o5; 2nd ed. 1915) and Magna Carta Commemoration Essays ed. H. E. Malden (1917) are among the most useful. (H. W. C. D.)