Jute

In the above expression R, 7r and L are constant, therefore as d increases the term (R --r) must decrease; this can happen only when r is increased, that is, when the bobbin revolves quicker. It is easy to see from the above expression that if the bobbin were the "leader" its speed would have to decrease as it filled.

The builder, which receives its motion from the disk and scroll, from the cones, or from the expanding pulley, has also an inter mittingly variable speed. It begins at a maximum speed when the bobbin is empty, is constant for each layer, but decreases as the bobbin fills.

Spinning.

The rove yarn is now ready for the spinning frame, where a further draft of about eight is given. The principles of jute spinning are similar to those of dry spinning for flax. For very heavy jute yarns the spinning frame is not used—the desired amount of twist being given at the roving frame.

Method of Counting Jute Yarns.

The count of jute yarn is based upon the weight in pounds of 14,400yd., such length re ceiving the name of "spyndle." The finest yarns weigh 2-11b. to 31b. per spyndle, but the commonest kinds are 71b., 81b., 91b., and olb. per spyndle. The sizes rise in pounds up to about 2olb. then by 21b. up to about 501b. per spyndle, with much larger junps above this weight. It is not uncommon to find 200lb. to 3oolb. rove yarn, while the weight occasionally reaches 45o1b. per spyndle. The different sizes of yarn are extensively used in a large variety of fabrics, sometimes alone, sometimes in conjunction with other fibres, e.g., with worsted in the various kinds of carpets, with cotton in tapestries and household cloths, with line and tow yarns for the same fabrics and for paddings, etc., and with wool

for horse clothing. The yarns are capable of being dyed brilliant colours, but, unfortunately, the colours are not very fast to light. The fibre can also be prepared to imitate human hair with remark able closeness, and advantage of this is largely taken in making stage wigs.

The United States Department of Agriculture introduced jute into America in 1870 and it was found to be adapted to cultiva tion along the line of Gulf States from Texas to South Carolina. In 1926 the United States imported 137,526,000 pounds of jute and jute butts, valued at $14,745,763. In 1925 there were 23 establishments manufacturing jute goods or the total value $27,518,000.

For detailed information regarding jute, the cloths made from it and the machinery used, see the following works: Watts's Dic tionary of the Economic Products of India; Royle's Fibrous Plants of India.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Wm. Legatt, The Theory and Art of Jute Spinning (Dundee, 1893, 1921) ; T. Woodhouse and P. Kilgour, Jute and Jute Spinning, Part I. Production of Fibre, Batching, and Carding (Man chester, 1920, Part II. Drawing and Roving (London, 1928) ; Peter Sharp, Flax, Tow and Jute Spinning (Dundee, 4th ed., 1907) T. Woodhouse and P. Kilgour, The Jute Industry: Seed to Finished Cloth (semi-technical) (1921) ; T. Woodhouse and T. Milne, Jute and Linen Weaving Mechanism (1914) ; • T. Woodhouse and J. Ireland, An Introduction to Jute Weaving (Dundee, 1922) ; T. Woodhouse, Yarn Counts and Calculations (1921), The Finishing of Jute and Linen Fabrics (2nd ed.) 1928, Brown's Art of Weaving (W. Kidd & Sons, Dundee, loth ed., 1921). (T. W.)