In the structure of his verse Juvenal returned to the Virgilian type of hexameter. His style shows most of the usual tendencies of the time, particularly a frequent use of the diminutive forms of words from the sermo cotidianus.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The best of the known manuscripts of Juvenal (P) is at Montpellier (125) ; but there are several others which cannot be neglected. Amongst these may be specially mentioned the Bodleian MS. (Canon. Lat. 41), which contains a portion of Satire vi., the existence of which was unknown until E. 0. Winstedt published it in the Classical Review (1899), pp. 201 seq. Another fragment in the Bibliotheque Nationale was described by C. E. Stuart in the Classical Quarterly (Jan. 1909). There are two classes of scholia—the older or "Pithoeana," first published by P. Pithoeus, and the "Cornutus scholia" of less value. The earliest edition which need now be men tioned is that of P. Pithoeus, 1585, in which P. was first used for the text. Amongst later ones we may mention the commentaries of Ruperti (1819) and C. F. Heinrich (1839, with the old scholia), 0. Jahn (1851, critical with the old scholia), A. Weidner (1889), L. Friedlander (1895, with a full verbal index). The most useful English commentaries are those of J. E. B. Mayor (a voluminous and learned commentary on thirteen of the Satires, ii., vi. and ix. being omitted), J. D. Lewis (1882, with a prose translation) and J. D. Duff (1898, expurgated, and ii. and ix. being omitted). There are recent critical
texts: conservative and chiefly based on P. by F. Buecheler (1893, with selections from the scholia) and S. G. Owen (in the Oxford Series of Texts) ; on the other side, by A. E. Housman (Igo5) and by the same, but with fewer innovations, in the new Corpus poetarum latinorum, fasc. v. The two last-named editors alone give the newly discovered lines of Satire vi. Dryden translated i., iii., vi., x. and xvi., the others being committed to inferior hands. Other versions are Gifford's (1802), of some merit, and C. Badham's (1814). English prose version by Ramsay (London, 1918). Johnson's imitations of Satires iii. and x. are well known. For the numerous articles and contributions to the criticism and elucidation of the Satires, reference should be made to Teuffel's Geschichte der romi,svhen Literatur (Eng. trans. by Warre), § 331, and Schanz, ditto (Igo', ii. § 2, §42oa).