Kaffraria

Religion.

Numbers of Protestant missionary societies have churches and educational establishments in Kaffraria, but, except in Fingoland, the bulk of the Kaffirs are heathen. The Griquas profess Christianity and have their own churches and ministers. The Anglican diocese of St. John's, Kaffraria, was founded in 1873.

Particulars concerning each of the four divisions of Kaffraria follow.

Griqualand East

(area, 7,594 sq.m.) (q.v.).

Tembuland

(area, 4,122 sq.m.), which lies S.W. of Griqua land East and comprises the districts of Tembuland Proper, Emigrant Tembuland and Bomvanaland, takes its name from the Tembu nation, called sometimes Tambookies, one of the Most powerful of the Kaffir groups. The chief town is Umtata.

Transkei

(area, 2,552 sq.m.) comprises the districts of Fingo land, the Idutywa Reserve and Gcalekaland, this last being named from the Gcaleka nation, who claim to be the senior branch of the Xosa family, the principal royal line of the Kaffir tribes. They still form the chief element of the population. Here are some prosperous missionary stations, where the natives are taught agriculture, mechanical industries and a knowledge of letters.

Even more advanced in all social respects are the Fingo, who give their name to the district of Fingoland, and also form the bulk of the population in the Idutywa Reserve. The majority profess Christianity. The industrial institution of Blythswood, about 20 m. N.W. of Butterworth, is a branch of Lovedale (q.v.), and is largely supported by the Fingo.

Pondoland (area, 4,040 sq.m.; is bounded E. by the sea, N. by Natal, W. by Griqualand East, and S. by Tembuland. In Pondoland the primitive organization of the natives has been little altered and the influence of the chiefs is very great. Land is held almost wholly in tribal tenure, though a number of whites possess farms acquired before the annexation of the coun try. The Pondo have shown some appreciation of the benefits of education. • See G. McCall Theal's History of South Africa and other works cited under CAPE COLONY ; also The Native or Transkeian Territories, by C. C. Henkel (Hamburg, 1903), a useful handbook by an ex-official in the Transkeian Territories.