Kashmiri Language

F. Indeclinables.—Indeclinables (adverbs, prepositions, con junctions and interjections) must be learnt from the dictionary. The number of interjections is very large, and they are dis tinguished by minute rules depending on the gender of the per son addressed and the exact amount of respect due to him.

Literature.

Kashmiri possesses a small literature, which has been very little studied. The very popular Lalld-vakydni, a col lection of verses on Saiva philosophy by a woman named devi, is said to be the oldest work in the language which has survived. Another esteemed work is the Siva Parittaya of Krishna Rajanaka, a living author.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

-See vol. viii., pt. ii. Linguistic Survey of India. Bibliography. -See vol. viii., pt. ii. Linguistic Survey of India. The only printed lexicographical work is a short vocabulary by W. J. Elmslie (1872). K. F. Burkhard brought out a grammar of the Muslim dialect in the Proceedings of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science for 1887-89, translated by G. A. Grierson in the Indian Antiquary of 1895 and the following years (reprinted as a separate publication, Bombay, 1897). The more complete works of the kind in English are G. A. Grierson's Essays on Keicmiri Grammar (1899), and Manual of the Kashmiri Language (191I). A valuable native

grammar in Sanskrit, the KamiraSabdcimrta of I§vara Kaula, has been edited by the same writer (Calcutta, 1888). For an examination of the origin of Kashmiri grammatical forms and the Dardic question generally, see G. A. Grierson's "On certain Suffixes in the Modern Indo-Aryan Vernaculars" in the Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Sprach forschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen for 1903 and The Pikica Languages of North-Western India (1906).

The only important texts that have been published are Burkhard's edition, with a partial translation, of Mahmad Gami's "Yasuf and ZulaikhS" in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenliindischen Gesell schaft for 1895 and 1899 ; G. A. Grierson's edition of the Siva Parinaya (1924) ; the Lana Veikycini, edited and translated by the same writer and L. Barnett (192o). The Sri-Krsnavatara-li-lii of Dinanatha, edited and translated by G. A. Grierson.

Under the title of "The Word of Lalla the Prophetess" (1924) R. C. Temple has provided a metrical translation into English of the La/Id Vakycini, with notes and an elaborate historical introduction.

See

also vol. i., Linguistic Survey of India (1927).