The definite enunciation of the principle that native interests were paramount hardly pleased the European community, though they professed that African and European interests did not clash. To what they called "West Africanization" Lord Delamere and other leaders of the whites were hotly opposed. By that term they meant the policy of making the negro an independent producer and equal partner in development. That, they argued, might be the proper course in countries where white settlement was not pos sible; in Kenya, they claimed, the African would get his best training by working for and in association with the whites. But in spite of some wild talk the Europeans accepted the British Gov ernment's decision. The Indians continued their agitation—which included a refusal to pay the poll tax and to elect members to the council. In Dec. 1924, however, more moderate counsels prevailed and it was decided to accept seats on the council. This easing of the situation was largely due to Sir Robert Coryndon, who became governor in Sept. 1922, and, while a firm upholder of native rights, fully recognized the work done by the Europeans and the services rendered by the Indians. Sir Robert died at Nairobi on Feb. 1o, 1925, and was succeeded by Sir Edward Grigg.
In respect to the natives, the administration endeavoured to guide them through their own chiefs and tribal organizations and gradually to teach them the art of government. The efforts of the officials, supported by the missionaries and by many of the white settlers, met with a measure of success. In 1922 they were extended to include, in addition to medical, educational and other services, direct encouragement of stock breeding and agriculture in the reserves. In 1924 a further step was taken in the grant to the tribal councils of a considerable measure of local self-govern ment. The development of the reserves would, many settlers feared, decrease the supply of labour for the whites, though figures showed that the natives working on European farms in creased from 53,000 in 1919-20 to 87,000 in 1923-24. Compul sory labour for private persons had been definitely prohibited in 1920. The root of the labour difficulty was that the population was insufficient for the intensive cultivation both of the European farms and the native reserves. To help in meeting this difficulty Sir Edward Grigg advised the Europeans to concentrate on crops and occupations—such as cattle-raising—which required least labour.
announced (July 1927) that it was desired to associate the white community in its trusteeship and control of native affairs. The vigour of the pioneers was manifest in a large increase of the area under cultivation and the readiness to assume financial burdens for railway and other works—a new stage in transport facilities being reached in 1928, when through railway communication be tween Mombasa and the Nile in Uganda was opened. In that year, too, another British royal commission, under the chairmanship of Sir E. Hilton Young, visited East Africa. It considered, among other things, the question of native reserves in Kenya. If the dual policy of the simultaneous development of native and white areas was to be successful it was essential that the natives should have not only ample reserves, but security of tenure, and to this end a Native Lands Trust bill was introduced into the Kenya legisla ture, placing the reserves in trust for the natives in perpetuity. There was, in 1927-28, a revival of agitation by the Indian com munity arising out of proposals for a permanent European major ity on the town councils of Nairobi and Mombasa ; the adminis tration showed a conciliatory attitude, the proposal was dropped and a satisfactory arrangement reached. A visit of the prince of Wales to Kenya in 1928 evoked enthusiasm.
The large part of Kenya—more than half the total area—not suitable for white settlement, Tanaland, Jubaland and the North ern province, was little affected by the problems which perplexed the rest of the colony. But these northern and eastern regions, semi arid, were of much potential value and needed only irrigation. In 1925 (in accordance with a treaty made when Italy entered the World War) the greater part of Jubaland (q.v.) was transferred to Italy.
The colony, unprotected by any Monroe Doctrine, is Europe conscious. The military autocracy of Italy which has added the Abyssinian to the Somaliland frontier; the activity of Germans in Tanganyika and Germany's demand for colonies are some of the reasons for Kenya's idea (1936) of adopting some form of con scription.
BIBLIOGRAPEIY.—The most comprehensive accounts, to the date of issue, are Sir Charles Eliot's The East Africa Protectorate (1905) and the Handbook of Kenya Colony (1920), a British Admiralty pub lication. The Report of the East Africa Commission (1925) has a special section on Kenya, and the Colonial Office, London, issues an annual Report on the colony. The work of the Imperial British East Africa company is authoritatively told in British East Africa or lbea, by P. L. McDermont (new ed., 1895). Another book, valuable for its historical perspective, is The Foundation of British East Africa, by J. W. Gregory (19oI). Bishop A. R. Tucker's Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa (1908) contains a summary of missionary labours. Of the works of explorers Through Masai Land, by Joseph Thomson (1886), is specially valuable. For the period since white colonization began see Lord Cranworth, A Colony in the Making (1913) , Profit and Sport in Brit. E. Africa (1919), and an article in United Empire, vol. xvii. (1926) ; the Kenya White Paper (Cmd. No. 1,922) of 1923; Norman Leys, Kenya (1924) ; Maj. A. Church, East Africa: A New Dominion (1927) ; W. McGregor Ross, Kenya from Within (1927). (F. R. C.)