In spite of these obstacles and of frequent exile, and sometimes because of it, their influence soon spread over the whole Catholic world. As soon as its numbers warranted, the Society immediately applied to the Holy See to have foreign missions assigned to it in place of those which had been destroyed by the Suppression. Thus in 1821, Peter De Smet came to the United States to work among the Indians with whom he had a long and glorious apostolate. In 1834 the Belgian Jesuits were in Calcutta, in 1835 in Spanish in Argentina, in 1837 the French in Madras in India, n 1839 the Sicilians in the Aegean Islands, in 1841 the French in Nanking, China, and in 1844 in Madagascar, in 1848 the Irish in Australia, in 1851 the English in Jamaica, in 1853 the Spanish in Cuba and in 1859 in the Philippines, in 1854 the Germans in Bombay in India. The days of exploration were over, and the time was one of organization and expansion. At the beginning of 1935 there were 3,204 Jesuits in the missions in Ceylon, India, Japan, China, Java, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, South Africa, the Congo, and Madagas car; and in South America, Mexico, and the United States among the Indians; 131 English Jesuits were in mission fields in Africa and British Guiana; 478 Americans were in Iraq, China, the Philippines, India, Alaska, Jamaica, and the Indian reservations in the United States. Of recent years the growth of missionaries from the United States has been phenomenal.
The educational system of the Jesuits had a similarly extraordi nary growth. In the United States, Georgetown College, founded 1789, became a university in 1815 and at St. Louis, Missouri, the college founded in 1829 became a university in 1832; Spring Hill College at Mobile, Ala., founded in 1830, was given the power to grant Pontifical degrees in 184o; other colleges and universi ties sprang up, notably, Santa Clara (1851), in California, Bos ton College (1863) and Holy Cross (1843), Worcester, in Massa chusetts, Marquette (1864), in Milwaukee, Wis., Fordham (1841), in New York, St. Ignatius (187o), later Loyola Uni versity, in Chicago. In 1936 with 5,039 members in the United States the Jesuits had 23 colleges and universities with students in the various schools and faculties. In England, Stony hurst College was the outgrowth of the exiled college at St. Omer (1592), France, which migrated to England in 1794. In 1936, English Jesuits were working in eight colleges : Mount St. Mary's (1842), St. Francis Xavier (1842), Liverpool, Beaumont (1861), Old Windsor, Glasgow (187o), Wimbledon (1887), London, Stamford Hill (1894), London, Leeds ( i90 ). In Canada, the Jesuits returned from St. Mary's, Ky., where the Fathers of the French Province had commenced work in 1834. They have in Montreal, Loyola College, St. Jean de Brebeuf, and Ste. Marie, and colleges in Quebec and other Canadian cities.
While still retaining the essential features of the Ratio Studiorum the colleges of the Society have adapted themselves to the growth of the educational theory and practice in the world at large, and have aimed at being, above all, practical educators.
In the field of research, they have been particularly conspicuous in astronomy and geophysics. Many of their astronomical ob servatories are well known, as Havana (1858), Manila (1865), Stonyhurst (1842), Georgetown (1842), Zicha-wei, China (1873), Tortosa, Spain (1904). As astronomers the Italian Angelo Secchi, the German Johannes Georg Hagen, the English Stephen Perry and others have enjoyed first rank in the world. In the United States, the seismological stations at Georgetown, St. Louis, Ford ham, Cleveland, and lately Weston (Mass.) College, have con tributed much to world knowledge of earthquakes. In meteorol ogy, the observations and inventions of Father Algue were of invaluable service in forecasting typhoons and hurricanes in the Philippines and the West Indies before the perfecting of radio service. In physics, Theodor Wulf was outstanding in Germany. In psychology, in the first rank have stood Lindworksy and Marechal, and in biology, Erich Wasmann. As was to be expected, the sacred sciences, theology and the Bible, claimed many of their best men: in the nineteenth century Franzelin, Mazzella, Perrone, Palmieri, De Bonniot, De San, Sabetti, Genicot, Bal lerini, Gury, Patrizi, Cornely, Knabenbauer, and in the twentieth Billot, De la Taille, and Fonck have been outstanding. In hagiography, the great work of the Bollandists at Brussels was carried on first under De Buck and then under De Smedt, and the Analecta Bollandiana (1882) was founded to continue further re searches in the lives of the Saints narrated in earlier volumes of the Acta Sanctorum.
A special characteristic of the new Society has been the entry into the field of periodical literature, necessitated by the similar growth in the secular field, and a great part of its polemical and apologetic work has been carried on in special magazines. In 185o, the first of these, La Civilta Cattolica, was founded at the express wish of Pope Pius IX., and was followed by Etudes in Paris (1856), Stimmen aus Maria Laach, now Stimmen der Zeit (1865), in Germany, the Month (1864), in England, Studien (1868), in Holland, the Irish Monthly (1874), in Ireland, Rauh' y Fe (1900), in Spain, Przeglad Powszechny (i9o1), in Poland, America (1909), in New York, the successor to the Messenger, Studies (1912), in Ireland, Broteria (1914), in Lisbon, Thought (1926), in New York, Zivot (1925), in Jugoslavia, Estudios (1934), in Buenos Aires, The New Review (1934), in Calcutta, Revista Taveriana (1934), in Bogota, and Streven (1935), in Bel gium. A special development was the devotional magazine called the Messenger of the Sacred Heart, of which there are now 67 publications in 4o different languages. Due to governmental re strictions in Europe, the radio field was largely closed to them, but in the United States they were not slow to avail themselves of this medium and WWL in New Orleans, WEW in St. Louis, and WHAD in Milwaukee, were founded and conducted by them.