the Epistles of John

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The

best of the older editions of all three epistles are by Ewald (Die Johan. Briefe ibersetzt and erkliirt, Gottingen, 1862), Alexander (Speaker's Commentary, 1880, and Bernhard Weiss (Meyer's Commentar, 1900). Later editions of special value are by Westcott (third edition, 1892) , Holtzmann-Bauer (Handcommentar, t9o8), Windisch (in Lietzmann's Handbuch, 1911), and A. E. Brooke (International Critical Commentary, 1912), to which may be added Pummer's edition in the Cambridge Greek Testament, and Dr. Gore's English notes in The Epistles of St. John (192o). General studies of the three are offered in Schmiedel's critical article (Encyclopaedia Biblica, 2556f), in A. V. Green's Ephesian Canonical Writings (two, pp. 1280, and in H. H. Wendt's Die Johannische Briefe und das Joh. Christenthum (Halle, 1925), as well as incidentally in any critical study of the Johannine writings and tradition.

The religious ideas and historical environment of the first epistle are discussed in Wurm's Die Irrlehrer im ersten Johannisbrief (1904), in G. G. Findlay's Fellowship in the Life Eternal (1909), and in R. Law's Tests of Life (second edition, 1909). For the two smaller, consult especially Poggel's monograph, Der 2 und 3 Briefe des Apostel Johannes (1896), J. Chapman's study in The Journal of Theological Studies (19o4, pp. 357f, 517f), Vernon Bartlet (ibid. 1905, 204f),

Harnack (Texte and Untersuchungen, xv. 1). E. C. Selwvn's The Christian Prophets and the Prophetic Apocalypse (19oo, pp. 1331), and Jean Reville (Le quatrieme Evangile, pp. 49f)• (J. MoF.) JOHN ALBERT (1459-15o1), king of Poland, third son of Casimir IV., king of Poland, and Elizabeth of Austria. As crown prince he distinguished himself by his brilliant victory over the Tatars at Kopersztyn in 1487. He succeeded his father in 1492. Primarily a warrior and adventurer, John Albert desired to pose as the champion of Christendom against the Turks, and in 1494 (Conference of Leutschau) arranged a combined campaign with his brother Wladislaus, king of Hungary and Bohemia, the elector Frederick of Brandenburg and John Albert's vassal Stephen, hospodar of Moldavia. In 1496 John Albert collected 8o,000 men in Poland, but the hospodar, apparently suspecting his de signs, invaded Galicia. The war became one between Poland and Moldavia, in which John Albert, weakened by the insub ordination of the szlachta, had the worst of matters. He was more successful in the north, compelling the recalcitrant grand master of the Teutonic Order, Frederick of Saxony, to do homage, but a further campaign was frustrated by his sudden death in 15o1.

See V. Czerny, The Reigns of John Albert and Alexander Jagiello (Pol.) (Cracow, 1882).