KWAKIUTL. This important group of natives on Van couver island and the mainland of British Columbia forms, to gether with the Nutka, the Wakashan linguistic stock. Originally the name applied only to the settlements about Fort Rupert ; it is now used in ethnological literature for the entire aggregate of Haisla, Heiltsuk, Bellabella, Koskimo, Quatsino, Nimkish, Lekwiltok and other bands which popularly and officially pass under local names. They are important scientifically because of the intensive and critical study devoted to them for many years by F. Boas (Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1895, 1897; Bur. Am. Ethn. Rep. xxxv., 1921 ; Am. Mus. Natur. Hist. Mem., vol. v. [Jesup Exped., vol. iii.], 1902-05). They form a transition between the matrilineal Tsimshian, Haida and Tlingit of the northern North Pacific coast and the patrilineal Nutka, Salish and Chinook of the south. Descent, for instance, is a curious compromise, by which rank goes to the daughter's son via the son-in-law as trus tee. In art and ceremonies they likewise affiliate both ways. The original population may have numbered 10,000-20,000; by 1904 it had shrunk to 2,100. (A. L. K.) KWANGCHOW BAY (20 N. and I to° 25' E.), a bay, in a strong strategic position on the coast of Kwangtung province, South China, acquired with adjoining territory by France in 1898. This territory is low lying and situated on the east side of the Lui chow peninsula which projects southwards towards the island of Hainan. The whole represents one of four cessions on lease made in the period of European aggrandizement in China immediately following the Sino-Japanese War. It was leased to France for 99 years by the Convention of 1898, with full territorial jurisdiction during that period. The inland limits of the cession comprise a strip of land on each bank of the Ma Ts'e river, and also included are two islands in the bay (added in 1899), which enclose a roadstead 18 miles long and six miles broad, affording excellent anchorage. The total area of this leased territory is about 20o sq.
miles. The French government acquired the right to construct a railway across the peninsula to Ompon, and also the exclusive mining rights in the three adjacent prefectures.
There are two municipalities (though the Chinese communal organisation is retained), namely Fort Bayard, the administrative centre (population 7,726) and Tchekam, the .ommercial centre (population 18,018). The port is free. In 1926 the total value of trade was $15,464,582; imports and exports about equal. The former consist mainly of cotton yarns, petroleum, refined sugar and matches, and the latter of swine and cattle, straw sacks, ground-nuts and brown sugar. The number of steamers using the port in 1926 was 35o, and the number of passengers 16,824. Fort Bayard is served by the Hongkong-Haiphong mail steamer, and there are frequent commercial sailings to Macao, Hongkong and Canton. This leased territory is administered by a Governor, and has been under the authority of the Governor-General of Indo China since 1900. In the administration of justice there is a French magistrate who has the assistance of two Chinese assessors and a local Chinese judge. The total revenue of the territory in 1926 amounted to $560,094, and expenditure $540,663.
Fort Bayard and Tchekam have electric light, and are connected by telephone, while districts in the interior are linked with these two towns by telegraph or wireless telegraph. Motor cars are fairly generally used. There is a company of colonial infantry, and some 500 Chinese policemen. The headquarters of the Postal service are at Fort Bayard, where there is also an Indo-China.
Bank agency. Educational facilities are relatively good, repre sented by the College Chinoise, Franco-Chinese schools, a girls' school and boarding houses at Fort Bayard and Tchekam. The total population is over 200,000 and includes some 25o French men and 400 Annamese.